extensive

• adj.

• 広範囲な、広範な(⇔intensive)、大規模な。詳細な。長い。完璧な、徹底的な。(医)拡張性の
• 大量の。大規模な。多数の

関

broad、detail、detailed、extensively、grand、in detail、large scale、large-scale、on a large scale、precise、ubiquitous、ubiquitously、wide、widely、widespread

　 　 　

WordNet

1. of agriculture; increasing productivity by using large areas with minimal outlay and labor; "producing wheat under extensive conditions"; "agriculture of the extensive type"
2. large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity; "an extensive Roman settlement in northwest England"; "extended farm lands"; "surgeons with extended experience"; "they suffered extensive damage" (同)extended
3. tending to give force or emphasis; "an intensive adverb"
4. characterized by a high degree or intensity; often used as a combining form; "the questioning was intensive"; "intensive care"; "research-intensive"; "a labor-intensive industry"
5. of agriculture; intended to increase productivity of a fixed area by expending more capital and labor; "intensive agriculture"; "intensive conditions"
6. with or by a broad space; "stand with legs wide apart"; "ran wide around left end"
7. far from the intended target; "the arrow went wide of the mark"; "a bullet went astray and killed a bystander" (同)astray
8. having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other; "wide roads"; "a wide necktie"; "wide margins"; "three feet wide"; "a river two miles broad"; "broad shoulders"; "a broad river" (同)broad
9. not on target; "the kick was wide"; "the arrow was wide of the mark"; "a claim that was wide of the truth" (同)wide of the mark
10. having ample fabric; "the current taste for wide trousers"; "a full skirt" (同)wide-cut, full
11. to or over a great extent or range; far; "wandered wide through many lands"; "he traveled widely" (同)widely
12. great in degree; "won by a wide margin"
13. to the fullest extent possible; "open your eyes wide"; "with the throttle wide open"
14. (of speech) heavily and noticeably regional; "a broad southern accent"
15. slang term for a woman; "a broad is a woman who can throw a mean punch"
16. being at a peak or culminating point; "broad daylight"; "full summer" (同)full
17. showing or characterized by broad-mindedness; "a broad political stance"; "generous and broad sympathies"; "a liberal newspaper"; "tolerant of his opponents opinions" (同)large-minded, liberal, tolerant
18. very large in expanse or scope; "a broad lawn"; "the wide plains"; "a spacious view"; "spacious skies" (同)spacious, wide
19. not detailed or specific; "a broad rule"; "the broad outlines of the plan"; "felt an unspecific dread" (同)unspecific
20. lacking subtlety; obvious; "gave us a broad hint that it was time to leave" (同)unsubtle
21. provide details for
22. a small part that can be considered separately from the whole; "it was perfect in all details" (同)particular, item
23. an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole; "several of the details are similar"; "a point of information" (同)item, point
24. a crew of workers selected for a particular task; "a detail was sent to remove the fallen trees"
25. extended treatment of particulars; "the essay contained too much detail"
26. assign to a specific task; "The ambulances were detailed to the fire station"
27. the most important and magnificent in adornment; "grand ballroom"; "grand staircase"
28. large and impressive in physical size or extent; "the bridge is a grand structure"
29. sharply exact or accurate or delimited; "a precise mind"; "specified a precise amount"; "arrived at the precise moment"
30. in a widespread way; "oxidation ponds are extensively used for sewage treatment in the Midwest"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (場所などが)広い,広大な / (領域・効果などが)広範囲にわたる;手広い / (量・額・程度・数などが)大きい,膨大な
2. 『集中的な』,徹底的な,強度の,激しい / (語が)強意の,強調の / =intensifier
3. 『幅の広い』 / 《修飾語を伴って》『幅が…の』,…の幅の / 『広範囲な』,多方面にわたる;広大な / 『大きく開いた』 / (球が)大きくそれた / 『広く』,広範囲に / 『広く開いて』,十分に開けて
4. (クリケットで)暴投球
5. 『幅の広い』 / 『広大な』,広々とした / 幅が…ある / 寛大な,包容力のある,偏見のない / 広範囲にわたる / 分かりやすい,明白な / くまなく行き渡った,さえぎるもののない,明るい / あけすけの,露骨な / 主要な;大まかな,大ざっぱな / (発音に)強いなまりのある / すっかり,広く(wide)
6. 〈U〉〈C〉(全体の中の個々の)『細部』,『細目』,項目;《複数形で》『詳細』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(全体から見て)ささいなこと / 〈U〉(絵画・彫刻・建築などの)細部;細部装飾 / 〈C〉特別(臨時)派遣兵(部隊);特別任務 / (…に)…‘を'詳しく述べる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (特別な任務に)〈兵・部隊〉‘を'任命する,臨時(特別)に派遣する(appoint)
7. 『壮大な』;豪壮な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『威厳のある』,気高い / (順位などが)最高の / 重大な,重要な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》全体の,全部を合わせた(complete) / 《話》すてきな,すばらしい / 尊大な,うぬぼれた / =grand piano / 《米俗》1,000ドル
8. 『正確な』,的確な,明確な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》まさにその,当の / (必要量などに)ちょうどの / (人,考え・規則などか)厳格な,きちょうめんな

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/29 07:16:50」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In the physical sciences, an intensive property (also called a bulk property, intensive quantity, or intensive variable), is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system: it is scale invariant.

By contrast, an extensive property (also extensive quantity, extensive variable, or extensive parameter) is one that is additive for independent, noninteracting subsystems. It is directly proportional to the amount of material in the system.

For example, density is an intensive property of a substance because it does not depend on the amount of that substance; mass and volume, which are measures of the amount of the substance, are extensive properties. In general the ratio of two extensive properties (such as mass and volume) that scale in the same way is scale-invariant, and hence an intensive property (such as density).

There are also measured physical properties which are neither intensive nor extensive. See counterexamples below.

Intensive properties

An intensive property is a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of the substance for which it is measured. For example, the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it. If the system is divided the temperature of each subsystem is identical. The same applies to the density of a homogeneous system: if the system is divided in half, the mass and the volume change in the identical ratio and the density remains unchanged.

According to the state postulate, for a sufficiently simple system, only two independent intensive variables are needed to fully specify the entire state of a system. Other intensive properties can be derived from the two known values.

Some intensive properties, such as viscosity, are empirical macroscopic quantities and are not relevant to extremely small systems.

Combined intensive properties

There are four properties in any thermodynamic system, two intensive ones and two extensive ones.

If a set of parameters, , are intensive properties and another set, , are extensive properties, then the function is an intensive property if for all ,

It follows, for example, that the ratio of two extensive properties is an intensive property - density (intensive) is equal to mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive).

Joining systems

Let there be a system or piece of substance a of amount m_a and another piece of substance b of amount m_b which can be combined without interaction. [For example, lead and tin combine without interaction, but common salt dissolves in water and the properties of the resulting solution are not a simple combination of the properties of its constituents.] Let V be an intensive variable. The value of variable V corresponding to the first substance is V_a, and the value of V corresponding to the second substance is V_b. If the two pieces a and b are put together, forming a piece of substance "a+b" of amount m_a+b = m_a+m_b, then the value of their intensive variable V is:

which is a weighted mean. Further, if V_a = V_b then V_{a + b} = V_a = V_b, i.e. the intensive variable is independent of the amount. Note that this property holds only as long as other variables on which the intensive variable depends stay constant.

In a thermodynamic system composed of two monatomic ideal gases, a and b, if the two gases are mixed, the final temperature T is

a weighted mean where is the number of particles in gas i, and is the corresponding temperature.

Note that you have to measure the amounts in the same unit that was used to calculate the intensive property from the extensive property. So when you interpolate density, you have to measure the properties in volume, as density is mass per volume. The formula makes no sense when you measure the properties in mass (kg).

Examples

Examples of intensive properties include:

• chemical potential
• density (or specific gravity)
• viscosity
• electrical resistivity
• spectral absorption maxima (in solution)
• specific energy
• specific heat capacity
• hardness
• melting point and boiling point
• pressure
• ductility
• elasticity
• malleability
• magnetization
• concentration
• velocity
• acceleration
• specific
• freezing

Extensive properties

An extensive property is defined by the IUPAC Green Book as a physical quantity which is the sum of the properties of separate noninteracting subsystems that compose the entire system. The value of such an additive property is proportional to the size of the system it describes, or to the quantity of matter in the system.

Extensive properties are the counterparts of intensive properties, which are intrinsic to a particular subsystem. Dividing one type of extensive property by a different type of extensive property will in general give an intensive value. For example, mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive) gives density (intensive).

Combined extensive properties

If a set of parameters are intensive properties and another set are extensive properties, then the function is an extensive property if for all ,

Thus, extensive properties are homogeneous functions (of degree 1) with respect to . It follows from Euler's homogeneous function theorem that

where the partial derivative is taken with all parameters constant except . The converse is also true - any function which obeys the above relationship will be extensive.^{[citation needed]}

Examples

Examples of extensive properties include^{[citation needed]}:

• energy
• entropy
• Gibbs energy
• mass
• particle number
• momentum
• number of moles
• volume
• area
• electrical charge
• weight
• length
• width
• thickness
• area
• height

Related extensive and intensive properties

Thermodynamics
Branches Classical · Statistical · Chemical Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Thermofluids
Laws Zeroth · First · Second · Third
Systems State: Equation of state Ideal gas · Real gas Phase of matter · Equilibrium Control volume · Instruments Processes: Isobaric · Isochoric · Isothermal Adiabatic · Isentropic · Isenthalpic Quasistatic · Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility · Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles: Heat engines · Heat pumps Thermal efficiency
System properties Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties State functions: Temperature / Entropy (intro.) † Pressure / Volume † Chemical potential / Particle no. † († Conjugate variables) Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions: Work · Heat
Material properties Specific heat capacity  Compressibility  Thermal expansion  Property database
Equations Carnot's theorem · Clausius theorem · Fundamental relation · Ideal gas law · Maxwell relations Table of thermodynamic equations
Potentials Free energy · Free entropy Internal energy Enthalpy Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy
History and culture Philosophy: Entropy and time · Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics History: General · Heat · Entropy · Gas laws Perpetual motion Theories: Caloric theory · Vis viva Theory of heat Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Publications: "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat" "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire" Timelines of: Thermodynamics · Heat engines Art: Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Education: Entropy as energy dispersal
Scientists Bernoulli · Carnot · Clapeyron · Clausius · von Helmholtz · Carathéodory · Pierre Duhem · Gibbs · Joule · Maxwell · von Mayer · Rankine · Smeaton · Stahl · Thompson · Kelvin · Waterson

See also: List of thermodynamic properties

Although not true for all physical properties, there are a number of properties which have corresponding extensive and intensive analogs, many of which are thermodynamic properties. Examples of such extensive thermodynamic properties, which are dependent on the size of the thermodynamic system in question, include volume (V), internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibbs free energy (G), Helmholtz free energy (A), and heat capacities (C_v and C_p) (in the sense of thermal mass). Note that the main symbols of these extensive thermodynamic properties shown here are capital letters. Except for volume (V), these extensive properties are dependent on the amount of material (substance) in the thermodynamic system in question.

For homogeneous substances, these extensive thermodynamic properties each have analogous intensive thermodynamic properties, which can be expressed on a per mass basis, and the corresponding intensive property symbols would be the lower case letters of the corresponding extensive property. Examples of intensive thermodynamic properties, which are independent on the size of the thermodynamic system in question and are analogous to the extensive ones mentioned above, include specific volume (v), specific internal energy (u), specific enthalpy (h), specific entropy (s), specific Gibbs free energy (g), specific Helmholtz free energy (a), and specific heat capacities (c_v and c_p, sometimes simply called specific heats). These intensive thermodynamic properties are effectively material properties which are valid at a point in a thermodynamic system or at a point in space at a certain time. These intensive properties are dependent on the conditions at that point such as temperature, pressure, and material composition, but are not considered dependent on the size of a thermodynamic system or on the amount of material in the system. See the table below. Specific volume is volume per mass, the reciprocal of density which equals mass per volume.

Corresponding extensive and intensive thermodynamic properties

Extensive property	Symbol	SI units	Intensive property**	Symbol	SI units
Volume	V	m3 or L*	Specific volume***	v	m3/kg or L*/kg
Internal energy	U	J	Specific internal energy	u	J/kg
Entropy	S	J/K	Specific entropy	s	J/(kg·K)
Enthalpy	H	J	Specific enthalpy	h	J/kg
Gibbs free energy	G	J	Specific Gibbs free energy	g	J/kg
Heat capacity at constant volume	CV	J/K	Specific heat capacity at constant volume	cv	J/(kg·K)
Heat capacity at constant pressure	CP	J/K	Specific heat capacity at constant pressure	cP	J/(kg·K)

* L = liter, J = joule

** specific properties, expressed on a per mass basis

*** Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

If a molecular weight can be assigned for the substance, or the number of moles in the system can be determined, then each of these thermodynamic properties can be expressed on a per mole basis. These intensive properties could be named after the analogous extensive properties but with the word "molar" preceding them; thus molar volume, molar internal energy, molar enthalpy, molar entropy, etc. Although the same small letters can be used as in the analogous specific properties indicating they are intensive, sometimes the corresponding capital letters have been used (and understood to be on a per mole basis), and there seems to be no universally agreed upon symbol convention for these molar properties. A well known molar volume is that of an ideal gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure); this molar volume = 22.41 liters per mole. Molar Gibbs free energy is commonly referred to as chemical potential, symbolized by μ, particularly when discussing a partial molar Gibbs free energy μ_i for a component i in a mixture.

Counterexamples

There are measured physical properties which are neither intensive nor extensive. For example the electrical resistance of two resistors is the sum of their two resistances only if the resistors are connected in series, but not if they are connected in parallel (if they are placed in parallel, it is instead the electrical conductance – the inverse of the resistance – of the two resistors that is the sum of their two conductances). The electrical resistance of independent noninteracting resistors (subsystems) is therefore not additive in general, and electrical resistance is not an extensive property. Nor is it intensive because the resistance of the two resistors is not equal in general, even if they consist of the same material at the same temperature and pressure.

Another counterexample is invariant mass in special relativity, which is not additive for subsystems in motion relative to each other. Invariant mass is therefore not an extensive quantity, nor it is an intensive quantity.

References

• Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Themostatistics (2nd Ed. ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-86256-8. 
• Lewis, G.N.; Randall, M. (1961). Thermodynamics (2nd Edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 
• Linder, Bruno. (2004). Thermodynamics and Introductory Statistical Mechanics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-47459-2. 

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Related Links

• extensiveの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

extensiveとは。意味や和訳。[形]1 〈場所が〉広い，広大な(spacious)an extensive park広大な公園.2 〈調査・旅行などが〉広範囲にわたる；〈知識などが〉該博な；〈報告書などが〉詳しいan extensive enterprise手広い事業extensive ...

• extensive - 辞書すべて - goo辞書

extensiveの意味は？goo辞書は無料で使える日本最大級の辞書サービスです。国語辞典、英和辞典、和英辞典、類語辞典、中国語辞典、百科事典などを提供しています。

• extensiveの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

extensive 【形】 広大な、広範囲に及ぶ、広い、広域の・She has an extensive k... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「広範」「large scale」「precise」「ubiquitous」「ubiquitously」
拡張検索	「extensively」「extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis」「extensive metabolizer」

「広範」

　　[★]

英

wide、extensive、broad、widespread、ubiquitous、widely、extensively、ubiquitously

関

広汎性、詳細、示量性、大規模、広い、ブロード、遍在性、広く、広範に分布する、一様、ユビキタス、広汎

「large scale」

　　[★]

• 大規模、大量、ラージスケール

関

abundance、abundant、abundantly、bulk、copious、extensive、extensively、grand、large amount、large dose、large-scale、massive、massively、on a large scale、profuse

「precise」

　　[★]

• 正確な、詳細な、的確な

関

accurate、accurately、correct、correctly、detail、detailed、exact、exactly、extensive、faithfully、in detail、nicely、precisely

　 　

「ubiquitous」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 遍在性の、広範に分布する、広範な、ユビキタスな

関

broad、extensive、extensively、ubiquitously、ubiquity、wide、widely、widespread

　

「ubiquitously」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 遍在性に、一様に、広範に

関

broad、extensive、extensively、ubiquitous、ubiquity、uniformly、unify、wide、widely、widespread

「extensively」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 広範に、大規模に

関

broad、extensive、grand、large scale、large-scale、on a large scale、ubiquitous、ubiquitously、wide、widely、widespread

　

「extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis」

　　[★]

広範囲薬剤耐性結核、広範囲薬剤耐性結核菌、超薬剤耐性結核菌

関

extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis、XDR-TB

「extensive metabolizer」

　　[★]

• 高代謝群、迅速代謝型