WordNet

eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease (同)exanthema, skin_eruption

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/22 15:01:55」(JST)

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An exanthem (from Greek ἐξάνθημα exanthema, "a breaking out"^[1]) is a widespread rash usually occurring in children. Exanthems can be caused by toxins or drugs, microorganisms, or can result from autoimmune disease.

It can be contrasted with an enanthem.

Types

Historically, six "classical" infectious childhood exanthems have been recognized,^[2] four of which are viral. Numbers were provided in 1905.^[3]

The four viral exanthema have much in common, and are often studied together as a class. They include:

Name	Number	Virus
(rubeola) measles	"first disease"	measles virus
rubella, ("German Measles") identified in 1881.^[4]	"third disease"	rubella virus
erythema infectiosum, identified as a distinct condition in 1896.^[5]	"fifth disease"	parvovirus B19
roseola infantum	"sixth disease"	HHV-6 and HHV-7

Scarlet fever, or "second disease", is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. (Measles and scarlet fever were distinguished in the 17th century.^[4]) Fourth disease, a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today, was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to Staphylococcus aureus.^[4]

Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation, though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list:

Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox or shingles)
Mumps
rhinovirus (the common cold)
unilateral laterothoracic exanthem of childhood
Some types of viral haemorrhagic fever are also known to produce a systemic rash of this kind during the progression of the disease.
Tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever produce a rash that may become extensive enough so as to be classified as exanthemous in as many as 90% of children with the disease.^[6]

Prevention

Vaccinations now exist against measles, mumps, rubella (as a part of the MMR vaccine) and chickenpox.^[7]

References

^ "Roseola Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com".
^ Bialecki C, Feder HM, Grant-Kels JM (November 1989). "The six classic childhood exanthems: a review and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 21 (5 Pt 1): 891–903. PMID 2681288.
^ "fifth disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ ^a ^b ^c Weisse ME (January 2001). "The fourth disease, 1900-2000". Lancet 357 (9252): 299–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0. PMID 11214144.
^ Altman, Lawrence K (November 30, 1982). "THE DOCTOR'S WORLD". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/r/rr5504.pdf
^ Michael A. Pfaller; Murray, Patrick R.; Rosenthal, Ken S. (2005). Medical Microbiology (Medical Microbiology). Mosby Elsevier. p. 700. ISBN 0-323-03303-2.

External links

Overview at About.com
Definition at MedTerms
Differential diagnosis
Dermatology Quiz Includes photo, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 斑状の皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with macular skin lesions
2. 小児ばら疹（突発性発疹） roseola infantum exanthem subitum
3. 皮膚疾患診断へのアプローチ approach to dermatologic diagnosis
4. 顔面紅斑が認められる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with facial erythema
5. 線状IgA水疱性皮膚症 linear iga bullous dermatosis

English Journal

Unilateral laterothoracic exanthem.

Gragasin FS, Metelitsa AI.
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.CMAJ.2011 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 21989468

[Maculo-papular exanthem with acute renal failure : Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.]

Muller PA, Amann K, Brocker EB, Trautmann A.SourceKlinik und Poliklinik fur Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitatsklinikum Wurzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wurzburg, Deutschland, Tuezolto@hotmail.com.
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete.Hautarzt.2011 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Acute renal failure caused by interstitial nephritis as part of a drug hypersensitivity syndrome constitutes a rare, but potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction. We describe a patient with a mild maculo-papular rash accompanied by eosinophilia after prolonged treatment with meropenem, van
PMID 21971769

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告突発性発疹と不機嫌

木村正彦
小児科臨床 64(10), 2245-2248, 2011-10
NAID 40018991985

小児の薬疹の特徴

狩野葉子
日本小児皮膚科学会雑誌 = Journal of pediatric dermatology 29(2), 91-95, 2010-11-30
NAID 10027698422

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「vesication」「exanthemata」「exanthema」
拡張検索	「exanthema subitum」「vesicular exanthema of swine virus」「viral exanthem」「acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis」