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relating to or caused by a virus; "viral infection"
eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease (同)exanthema, skin_eruption

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ウィルスの;ウィルスが原因の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/06 15:30:47」(JST)

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An exanthem (from Greek "exanthema", a breaking out^[1]) is a widespread rash usually occurring in children. Exanthems can be caused by toxins or drugs, microorganisms, or can result from autoimmune disease.

It can be contrasted with an enanthem.

Types[edit]

Historically, six "classical" infectious childhood exanthems have been recognized,^[2] four of which are viral. Numbers were provided in 1905.^[3]

The four viral exanthema have much in common, and are often studied together as a class. They include:

Name	Number	Virus
(rubeola) measles	"first disease"	measles virus
rubella, ("German Measles") identified in 1881.^[4]	"third disease"	rubella virus
erythema infectiosum, identified as a distinct condition in 1896.^[5]	"fifth disease"	parvovirus B19
roseola infantum	"sixth disease"	HHV-6 and HHV-7

Scarlet fever, or "second disease", is associated with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. (Measles and scarlet fever were distinguished in the 17th century.^[4]) Fourth disease, a condition whose existence is not widely accepted today, was described in 1900 and is postulated to be related to Staphylococcus aureus.^[4]

Many other common viruses apart from the ones mentioned above can also produce an exanthem as part of their presentation, though they are not considered part of the classic numbered list:

Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox or shingles)
Mumps
rhinovirus (the common cold)
unilateral laterothoracic exanthem of childhood
Some types of viral haemorrhagic fever are also known to produce a systemic rash of this kind during the progression of the disease.
Tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever produce a rash that may become extensive enough so as to be classified as exanthemous in as many as 90% of children with the disease.^[6]

Prevention[edit]

Vaccinations now exist against measles, mumps, rubella (as a part of the MMR vaccine) and chickenpox.^[7]

References[edit]

^ "Roseola Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com".
^ Bialecki C, Feder HM, Grant-Kels JM (November 1989). "The six classic childhood exanthems: a review and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 21 (5 Pt 1): 891–903. PMID 2681288.
^ "fifth disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ ^a ^b ^c Weisse ME (January 2001). "The fourth disease, 1900-2000". Lancet 357 (9252): 299–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03623-0. PMID 11214144.
^ Altman, Lawrence K (November 30, 1982). "THE DOCTOR'S WORLD". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/r/rr5504.pdf
^ Michael A. Pfaller; Murray, Patrick R.; Rosenthal, Ken S. (2005). Medical Microbiology (Medical Microbiology). Mosby Elsevier. p. 700. ISBN 0-323-03303-2.

External links[edit]

Overview at About.com
Definition at MedTerms
Differential diagnosis
Dermatology Quiz Includes photo, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 斑状の皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with macular skin lesions
2. 小児ばら疹（突発性発疹） roseola infantum exanthem subitum
3. 発疹性（麻疹様）薬疹 exanthematous morbilliform drug eruption
4. 免疫能の正常な患者における発熱および発疹 fever and rash in the immunocompetent patient
5. 顔面紅斑が認められる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with facial erythema

English Journal

Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B-associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

Kawamura Y1, Yamazaki Y, Ohashi M, Ihira M, Yoshikawa T.Author information 1Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.AbstractAcute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion has become increasingly common among various types of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis at the time of primary viral infection. The aim of the present study is to explore the pathophysiology of HHV-6B-associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Five cytokines and five chemokines were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 12 HHV-6B-associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion patients and 19 control exanthem subitum (without complications) patients. Serum interleukin (IL)-10 (P = 0.007) and IL-8 (P = 0.025) were significantly higher in the patients with the disease than controls. Serum IL-1β (P = 0.034) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in the controls than patients with the disease. In patients with the disease, IL-10 (P = 0.012), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES; P = 0.001), and monokine induced by interferon γ (MIG; P = 0.001) were significantly higher in serum than CSF, meanwhile IL-6 (P = 0.034), IL-8 (P = 0.034), and MCP-1 (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in CSF than serum. Additionally, serum IL-10 was significantly higher in the disease patients with sequelae than those without sequelae (P = 0.016). Several cytokines and chemokines may be associated with the pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Moreover, the regulation of cytokine networks appears to be different between peripheral blood (systemic) and central nervous system.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Mar;86(3):512-8. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23788. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion has become increasingly common among various types of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis at the time of primary viral infection. The aim of the present study is to explore the pathophysiology of HHV-6B-associated acute en
PMID 24132547

Quantification of two viral transcripts by real time PCR to investigate human herpesvirus type 6 active infection.

Bressollette-Bodin C1, Nguyen TV2, Illiaquer M3, Besse B4, Peltier C5, Chevallier P6, Imbert-Marcille BM7.Author information 1EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Virology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. Electronic address: celine.bressollette@univ-nantes.fr.2EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France. Electronic address: vanhanguyen03@yahoo.com.3EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Virology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. Electronic address: marina.illiaquer@univ-nantes.fr.4Virology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. Electronic address: bernard.besse@chu-nantes.fr.5EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France. Electronic address: cecile.peltier@univ-nantes.fr.6EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Clinical Hematology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. Electronic address: Patrice.chevallier@chu-nantes.fr.7EA4271, Immunovirology and Genetic Polymorphism, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Virology Laboratory, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France. Electronic address: Berthe-marie.imbert@univ-nantes.fr.AbstractBACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes exanthema subitum and is associated with symptomatic reactivations in immunocompromised patients, particularly after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The detection of viral mRNA can help to make the difference between latent, chromosomally integrated and true replicating virus. It can also be a useful tool to investigate viral multiplication in different cell types.
Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.J Clin Virol.2014 Feb;59(2):94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes exanthema subitum and is associated with symptomatic reactivations in immunocompromised patients, particularly after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The detection of viral mRNA can help to make the difference between latent, chromosomally integ
PMID 24380721

Varicella-zoster virus trigeminal ganglioneuritis without rash.

Birlea M1, Nagel MA, Khmeleva N, Choe A, Kleinschmidt-Demasters B, Hevner R, Boyer P, Lear-Kaul KC, Bos N, Wellish M, Cohrs RJ, Gilden D.
Neurology.Neurology.2014 Jan 7;82(1):90-2. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000438228.48470.86. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
PMID 24285619