| Cardiomegaly |
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| Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and a pacemaker |
| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
cardiology |
| ICD-10 |
I51.7 |
| ICD-9-CM |
429.3 |
| DiseasesDB |
30769 |
| MeSH |
D006332 |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged. It is more commonly referred to as an enlarged heart. The causes of cardiomegaly may vary. Many times this condition results from high blood pressure (hypertension) or coronary artery disease. An enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively, resulting in congestive heart failure. Cardiomegaly may improve over time, but many people with an enlarged heart need lifelong treatment with medications.[1] Having an immediate family member who has or had cardiomegaly may indicate that a person is more susceptible to getting this condition.[2] Cardiomegaly is not a disease but rather a condition that can result from a host of other diseases such as obesity or coronary artery disease. Recent studies suggest that cardiomegaly is associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).[3]
Contents
- 1 Mechanism
- 2 Signs and symptoms
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Cause and prevention
- 5 Treatment and prognosis
- 6 Recent research
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Mechanism
Cardiomegaly is a condition affecting the cardiovascular system, specifically the heart. This condition is strongly associated with congestive heart failure.[2] Within the heart, the working fibers of the myocardial tissue increase in size. As the heart works harder the actin and myosin filaments experience less overlap which increases the size of the myocardial fibers. If there is less overlap of the protein filaments actin and myosin within the sarcomeres of muscle fibers, they will not be able to effectively pull on one another. If the heart tissue (walls of left and right ventricle) gets too big and stretches too far, then those filaments cannot effectively pull on one another to shorten the muscle fibers, thus impacting the heart's sliding filament mechanism. If fibers cannot shorten properly, and the heart cannot contract properly, then blood cannot be effectively pumped to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and to the body to deliver oxygen to the working tissues of the body.
Signs and symptoms
For many people cardiomegaly is asymptomatic. For others, if the enlarged heart begins to affect the body's ability to pump blood effectively, then symptoms associated with congestive heart failure may arise.[2]
- Heart palpitations – irregular beating of the heart, usually associated with a valve issue inside the heart.
- Severe shortness of breath (especially when physically active) – irregularly unable to catch one's breath.
- Chest pain
- Fatigue
- Swelling in legs
- Increased abdominal girth
- Weight gain
- Edema – swelling
- Fainting[2]
Diagnosis
There are two main types of cardiomegaly:
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomegaly. In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched. The result is an enlarged heart.
In the other types of cardiomegaly, the heart's large muscular left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically an inherited condition.[1] There are many techniques and tests used to diagnose an enlarged heart. Below is a list of tests and how they test for cardiomegaly:
Cardiothoracic ratio =
M
R
D
+
M
L
D
I
D
{\displaystyle {MRD+MLD \over ID}}
where,[4]
MRD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to right heart border
MLD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to left heart border
ID = internal diameter of chest at level of right hemidiaphragm
1. Chest X-Ray: X-ray images help see the condition of the lungs and heart. If the heart is enlarged on an X-ray, other tests will usually be needed to find the cause. A useful measurement on X-ray is the cardio-thoracic ratio, which is the transverse diameter of the heart, compared with that of the thoracic cage."[5] These diameters are taken from PA chest x-rays using the widest point of the chest and measuring as far as the lung pleura, not the lateral skin margins. If the cardiac thoracic ratio is greater than 50%, pathology is suspected, assuming the x-ray has been taken correctly.[6] The measurement was first proposed in 1919 to screen military recruits. A newer approach to using these x-rays for evaluating heart health, takes the ratio of heart area to chest area and has been called the two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio.[7]
2. Electrocardiogram: This test records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes attached to the person's skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps diagnose heart rhythm problems and damage to a person's heart from a heart attack.
3. Echocardiogram: This test for diagnosing and monitoring an enlarged heart uses sound waves to produce a video image of the heart. With this test, the four chambers of the heart can be evaluated.
- The results of these tests can be used to see how efficiently the heart is pumping, determine which chambers of the heart are enlarged, look for evidence of previous heart attacks and determine if a person has congenital heart disease.
4. Stress test: A stress test, also called an exercise stress test, provides information about how well the heart works during physical activity.
- An exercise stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart rhythm, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.
5. Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a cardiac CT scan, one lies on a table inside a machine called a gantry. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around the body and collects images of the heart and chest.
- In a cardiac MRI, one lies on a table inside a long tube-like machine that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce signals that create images of the heart.
6. Blood tests: Blood tests may be ordered to check the levels of substances in the blood that may show a heart problem. Blood tests can also help rule out other conditions that may cause one's symptoms.
7. Cardiac catheterization and biopsy: In this procedure, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted in the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart, where a small sample (biopsy) of the heart, if indicated, can be extracted for laboratory analysis. [2]
Cause and prevention
The cause of cardiomegaly is not well understood and many cases of cardiomegaly are idiopathic (having no known cause). Prevention of cardiomegaly starts with detection. If a person has a family history of cardiomegaly, one should let one's doctor know so that treatments can be implemented to help prevent worsening of the condition. In addition, prevention includes avoiding certain lifestyle risk factors such as tobacco use and controlling one's high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Non-lifestyle risk factors include family history of cardiomegaly, coronary artery disease (CAD), congenital heart failure, Atherosclerotic disease, valvular heart disease, exposure to cardiac toxins, sleep disordered breathing (such as sleep apnea), sustained cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal electrocardiograms, and cardiomegaly on chest X-ray. Lifestyle factors which can help prevent cardiomegaly include eating a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure, exercise, medications, and not abusing alcohol and cocaine.[2] Current research and the evidence of previous cases link the following (below) as possible causes of cardiomegaly.
The most common causes of Cardiomegaly are congenital (patients are born with the condition based on a genetic inheritance), high blood pressure which can enlarge the left ventricle causing the heart muscle to weaken over time, and coronary artery disease that creates blockages in the heart's blood supply, which can bring on a cardiac infarction (heart attack) leading to tissue death which causes other areas of the heart to work harder, increasing the heart size.
Other possible causes include:
- Heart Valve Disease
- Cardiomyopathy (disease to the heart muscle)
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Pericardial Effusion (fluid around the heart)
- Thyroid Disorders
- Hemochromatosis (excessive iron in the blood)
- Other rare diseases like Amyloidosis[2]
- Viral infection of the heart
- Pregnancy, with enlarged heart developing around the time of delivery (peripartum cardiomyopathy)
- Kidney disease requiring dialysis
- Alcohol or cocaine abuse
- HIV infection[1]
Treatment and prognosis
Treatments for cardiomegaly include a combination of medication treatment and medical/surgical procedures. Below are some of the treatment options for individuals with cardiomegaly:
Medications
- Diuretics: to lower the amount of sodium and water in the body, which can help lower the pressure in the arteries and heart.
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: to lower the blood pressure and improve the heart's pumping ability.
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): to provide the benefits of ACE inhibitors for those who can't take ACE inhibitors.
- Beta blockers: to lower blood pressure and improve heart function.
- Digoxin: to help improve the pumping function of the heart and lessen the need for hospitalization for heart failure.
- Anticoagulants: to reduce the risk of blood clots that could cause a heart attack or stroke.
- Anti-arrhythmics: to keep the heart beating with a normal rhythm.
Medical devices to regulate the heartbeat
- Pacemaker: Coordinates the contractions between the left and right ventricle. In people who may be at risk of serious arrhythmias, drug therapy or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be used.
- ICDs: Small devices implanted in the chest to constantly monitor the heart rhythm and deliver electrical shocks when needed to control abnormal, rapid heartbeats. The devices can also work as pacemakers.
Surgical procedures
- Heart valve surgery: If an enlarged heart is caused by a problem with one of the heart valves, one may have surgery to remove the valve and replace it with either an artificial valve or a tissue valve from a pig, cow or deceased human donor. If blood leaks backward through a valve (valve regurgitation), the leaky valve may be surgically repaired or replaced.
- Coronary bypass surgery: If an enlarged heart is related to coronary artery disease, one may opt to have coronary artery bypass surgery.
- Left ventricular assist device: (LVAD): This implantable mechanical pump helps a weak heart pump. LVADs are often implanted while a patient waits for a heart transplant or, if the patient is not a heart transplant candidate, as a long-term treatment for heart failure.
- Heart transplant: If medications can't control the symptoms, a heart transplant is often a final option.[2]
Cardiomegaly can progress and certain complications are common:
- Heart failure: One of the most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart failure. In heart failure, the heart muscle weakens, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pump blood efficiently throughout the body.
- Blood clots: Having an enlarged heart may make one more susceptible to forming blood clots in the lining of the heart. If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block blood flow to vital organs, even causing a heart attack or stroke. Clots that develop on the right side of the heart may travel to the lungs, a dangerous condition called a pulmonary embolism.
- Heart murmur: For people who have an enlarged heart, two of the heart's four valves — the mitral and tricuspid valves — may not close properly because they become dilated, leading to a backflow of blood. This flow creates sounds called heart murmurs.
- NOTE* The exact mortality rate for people with cardiomegaly is unknown. However, many people live for a very long time with an enlarged heart and if detected early, treatment can help improve the condition and prolong the lives of these people.[2]
Recent research
- In a study of 36 patients with cardiomegaly, Burch et al. determined that patients showed clinical improvement in their enlarged heart from prolonged periods of bed rest. Specifically, eleven patients heart size returned to normal, four showed a decrease in heart size, and six showed no change.[9]
- This study examined stillborn infants and the effects of diabetic mothers and heart size of these infants. They found that stillborn infants who had mothers with diabetes mellitus had heavier hearts, thicker ventricular walls, and lighter brains. It also found that Cardiomegaly is a common finding in stillborn infants of mothers with diabetes mellitus and may contribute to the risk of fetal death in these pregnancies.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "What Is an Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)?". WebMD.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-heart/basics/risk-factors/con-20034346
- ^ Tavora F; et al. "Cardiomegaly is a common arrhythmogenic substrate in adult sudden cardiac deaths, and is associated with obesity.". Pathology. 44: 187–91. PMID 22406485. doi:10.1097/PAT.0b013e3283513f54.
- ^ "Chest Measurements". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
- ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiothoracic+ratio
- ^ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the "normal" range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. ISSN 1355-6037. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238.
- ^ Browne, RFJ; O'Reilly G; McInerney D (June 2004). "Extraction of the Two-Dimensional Cardiothoracic Ratio from Digital PA Chest Radiographs: Correlation with Cardiac Function and the Traditional Cardiothoracic Ratio" (PDF). Journal of Digital Imaging. 17 (2): 120–3. PMC 3043971 . PMID 15188777. doi:10.1007/s10278-003-1900-3. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
- ^ http://www.ddcmultimedia.com/doqit/Care_Management/CM_HeartFailure/L1P4.html[permanent dead link]
- ^ Burch GE, Walsh JJ, Black WC (1963). "Value of Prolonged Bed Rest in Management of Cardiomegaly". JAMA. 183 (2): 81–87. doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03700020031008.
- ^ Noirin E. Russell, Peter Holloway, Stephen Quinn, Michael Foley, Peter Kelehan, and Fionnuala M. McAuliffe (2008) Cardiomyopathy and Cardiomegaly in Stillborn Infants of Diabetic Mothers. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology: January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 10-14.
External links
- American Heart Association
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Cardiovascular disease (heart) (I00–I52, 390–429)
|
| Ischaemic |
| Coronary disease |
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Coronary artery aneurysm
- Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
- Coronary thrombosis
- Coronary vasospasm
- Myocardial bridge
|
| Active ischemia |
- Angina pectoris
- Prinzmetal's angina
- Stable angina
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Myocardial infarction
- Unstable angina
|
| Sequelae |
- hours
- Hibernating myocardium
- Myocardial stunning
- days
- weeks
- Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
- Dressler syndrome
|
|
| Layers |
| Pericardium |
- Pericarditis
- Acute
- Chronic / Constrictive
- Pericardial effusion
- Cardiac tamponade
- Hemopericardium
|
| Myocardium |
- Myocarditis
- Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic), Hypertrophic, and Restrictive
- Loeffler endocarditis
- Cardiac amyloidosis
- Endocardial fibroelastosis
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
|
Endocardium /
valves |
| Endocarditis |
- infective endocarditis
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- non-infective endocarditis
- Libman–Sacks endocarditis
- Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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| Valves |
- mitral
- regurgitation
- prolapse
- stenosis
- aortic
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
|
|
|
Conduction /
arrhythmia |
| Bradycardia |
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Heart block: Sinoatrial
- AV
- Intraventricular
- Bundle branch block
- Right
- Left
- Left anterior fascicle
- Left posterior fascicle
- Bifascicular
- Trifascicular
- Adams–Stokes syndrome
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Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus) |
| Supraventricular |
- Atrial
- Junctional
- AV nodal reentrant
- Junctional ectopic
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| Ventricular |
- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Catecholaminergic polymorphic
- Torsades de pointes
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|
| Premature contraction |
- Atrial
- Junctional
- Ventricular
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| Pre-excitation syndrome |
- Lown–Ganong–Levine
- Wolff–Parkinson–White
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| Flutter / fibrillation |
- Atrial flutter
- Ventricular flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular fibrillation
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| Pacemaker |
- Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Pacemaker syndrome
- Parasystole
- Wandering pacemaker
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| Long QT syndrome |
- Andersen–Tawil
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
- Romano–Ward
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| Cardiac arrest |
- Sudden cardiac death
- Asystole
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Sinoatrial arrest
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| Other / ungrouped |
- hexaxial reference system
- Right axis deviation
- Left axis deviation
- QT
- T
- ST
- Osborn wave
- ST elevation
- ST depression
- Strain pattern
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|
| Cardiomegaly |
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Left
- Right / Cor pulmonale
- Atrial enlargement
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| Other |
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Heart failure
- Diastolic heart failure
- Cardiac asthma
- Rheumatic fever
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