WordNet

the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept; "his bosom was bursting with the secret"
hide in ones bosom; "She bosomed his letters"
cloth that covers the chest or breasts
a persons breast or chest
having a bosom as specified or having something likened to a bosom; usually used in compounds; "full-bosomed women"; "the green-bosomed earth"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《遠回しに》(特に女性の)『胸』(breast);(衣類の)胸部,ふところ　《one's~》『胸中』,胸のうち・情 / 《the~》《文》奥,内部;(大海・湖などの)広い表面(surface) / 親しい

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/10 10:11:14」(JST)

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This article is about the anatomical term. For other uses, see Chest (disambiguation).

The chest (Greek: θώραξ, Latin: thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. It is sometimes referred to as the thorax or the bosom.^[1]^[2]

Chest anatomy - humans and other hominids

In hominids, the chest is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the ribcage, spine, and shoulder girdle. Contents of the chest include the following:

organs
- heart
- lungs
- Thymus

An X-ray of a human chest area, with some structures labeled

muscles
- major and minor pectoral muscles
- trapezius muscles and neck
internal structures
- diaphragm
- esophagus
- trachea
- xiphoid process
arteries and veins
- aorta
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary artery
bones
- the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus
- scapula
- sternum
- thoracic portion of the spine
- collarbone
- ribcage
- Floating ribs
external structures
- nipples
- mammary glands
- The V of the chest is the area exposed by open-necked shirts.^[3]
thoracic abdomen (stomach, kidney/adrenal, pancreas, spleen, and lower oesophagus)

In humans, the portion of the chest protected by the ribcage is also called the thorax.

Chest injury

Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States.^[4]

Chest diseases

Different types of diseases or conditions that can be experienced in the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be caused by birth defects, trauma, or in some cases because of heredity. It is important that all conditions are discussed with a physician and not diagnosed to ensure that proper treatment is given. Any condition that lowers the ability to breathe deeply or decreases a persons ability to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.

Chest pain

Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.^[5] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. It is important to understand that pains will be felt differently for each person even if they are experiencing the same condition. Only a patient will truly know if the symptoms are something mild or serious.

Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions. If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight being placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat can also be experienced. If heart attack occurs, the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.

Non cardiac causes of chest pain

Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus will also be accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.

Atelectasis

Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and will cause patients to feel a shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.^[6] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.

Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax is air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury.^[7] The size of the pneumothorax will change as the liquid builds up, so a medical procedure can be used to drain the liquid with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath.

Cancer of the lung

Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages.^[8] In 90% of patients, the cause for lung cancer is tobacco use. Other causes of lung cancer include secondhand smoke, air pollution, asbestos, and lung diseases like tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo a transformation that causes them to grow and multiply without the normal controls.^[9] Symptoms include persistent cough, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Many chest disease are experienced by a person diagnosed with lung cancer and should not be taken lightly. Proper treatment of the underlying cause or new ailments will help with the treatment of the cancer.

References

^ "thorax" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ aocd.org > Dermatology Polymorphous Light Eruption American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Retrieved on Feb 11, 2010
^ Shahani, Rohit, MD. (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine. Retrieved 2005-02-05.
^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010-1-26
^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
^ Lung Cancer Cancer.Gov. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
^ eMedicineHealth.com Lung Cancer Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Stages and Prevention. Retrieved on 2010-1-26

English Journal

The Bosom Buddy Project: A Breastfeeding Support Group Sponsored by the Indiana Black Breastfeeding Coalition for Black and Minority Women in Indiana.

Friesen CA1, Hormuth LJ2, Curtis TJ3.
Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association.J Hum Lact.2015 Apr 20. pii: 0890334415581617. [Epub ahead of print]
In 2012, the Indiana Black Breastfeeding Coalition (IBBC) used grant funds to increase participation in the Bosom Buddy Project, an original breastfeeding support group that pairs breastfeeding mothers with trained mentors. Resources for local organizations that support breastfeeding are extremely l
PMID 25896467

[Two cases of acute pulmonary embolism in head and neck tumor surgery].

Zhang Y, Wang R, Mu L.
Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology, head, and neck surgery.Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi.2015 Jan;29(2):177-8.
A male patient with hypopharyngeal cancer accepted operation under general anesthesia. Sixth day after surgery in patient with sudden chest pain and obvious difficulty in breathing. Blood oxygen saturation of 90%. The electrocardiogram showed: ST-T change,Tv6 flat;blood gas analysis: pH 7. 491, PCO2
PMID 25989673

Scrofulous swelling of the bosom masquerading as cancer.

Challa VR, Srivastava A1, Dhar A.
Indian journal of medical microbiology.Indian J Med Microbiol.2014 Jan-Mar;32(1):82-4. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.124331.
Tuberculosis of breast is very rare with an incidence of 0.1-0.5%. It can be primary or secondary. Except in patients presenting with sinuses, it is a challenge to diagnose it. A 40 year old premenopausal lady presented with breast lump increasing in size for 3 months. Mammogram showed a lesion susp
PMID 24399398

Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine segmental motion in rotation.

Zhao X1, Wu ZX, Han BJ, Yan YB, Zhang Y, Lei W.
Archives of medical science : AMS.Arch Med Sci.2013 Jun 20;9(3):515-20. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2013.35325. Epub 2013 May 27.
INTRODUCTION: The movements of the cervical spine during head rotation are too complicated to measure using conventional radiography or computed tomography (CT) techniques. In this study, we measure three-dimensional segmental motion of cervical spine rotation in vivo using a non-invasive measuremen
PMID 23847675

Japanese Journal

「世界への愛」とプロセス哲学─ホワイトヘッドの冒険ないし復活形而上学をめぐって─(50号記念号)

延原時行
桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 (50), 13-46, 2015-03-23
… If our human life memories can ascend with the salvific help of the Risen Lord in order to be offered into the bosom of Heavenly Father, our resurrection can take place. …
NAID 110009899414

ディアスポラの信仰者 : 在日アフマディーヤ・ムスリムにみるグローバル状況下のアイデンティティ(<特集>アイデンティティと帰属をめぐるアポリア-理論・継承・歴史)

嶺崎寛子
文化人類学 78(2), 204-224, 2013-09-30
本稿は、宗教を淵源とするディアスポラ・アイデンティティの構築とその次世代再生産にかかる日常実践を、在日アフマディーヤ・ムスリムを事例として描く。アイデンティティの構築性を前提として、それが構築されるということを、行為主体としての個人だけでなく、個人が帰属する共同体、さらには社会的背景をも視野に入れつつ、民族誌的文脈のなかから捉え返そうとする試みであるともいえる。その際には、グローバル化や越境、国家 …
NAID 110009657425

18世紀フランス宮廷女性の美意識の変遷 : 美しい体型と姿勢の関係

伊豆原月絵
大阪樟蔭女子大学研究紀要 1, 40-48, 2011-01-31
本研究は、1700年代を中心に、1600年代中葉以降のフランス宮廷を中心とした欧州貴族の女性にみられる美意識を明らかにすることを目的とする。往時の女性に対する観察者の「美意識」については、図像資料や文献資料を基に論じた。文献資料からは、1600年代から1700年代初期までは、情感を表現する眼差しや表情を「美しい」としていたが、1700年代の中葉にかけて、次第に女性の外見に重きをおいた記述が増え、「 …
NAID 110008096376

Peter Rugg, a Personage of My Bosom(The Future of American Literary Scholarship in japan)

YOKOTA Kazunori
The journal of American Literature Society of Japan 2005(4), 149-152, 2006-02
NAID 110009717449

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拡張検索	「90-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase」「70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase」「polyribosomal」「archaeal large ribosome subunit」

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Chest
	Chest anatomy
	Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly, but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver.
Latin	thorax