血圧上昇

関: blood pressure elevation、elevated blood pressure、high blood pressure、hypertension、increase in blood pressure、increased blood pressure、raised blood pressure、rise in blood pressure

WordNet

the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B
raised above the ground; "an elevated platform"

PrepTutorEJDIC

高血圧[症] / 過度の緊張
(ある高さに)…‘を'『上げる』,‘の'程度を高める《『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (知的・精神的に)…‘を'向上させる,高める / (…から…に)〈人〉‘を'昇進させる《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》
『高く上げられた』,高い / (思想などが)高尚な,気品のある / 高架鉄道

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/25 16:51:46」(JST)

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Prehypertension is an American medical classification for cases where a person's blood pressure is elevated above normal, but not to the level considered hypertension (high blood pressure). Prehypertension is blood pressure readings with a systolic pressure from 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg. Readings greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg are considered hypertension. Classification of blood pressure is based upon two or more readings at two or more separate occasions separated by at least one week. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) proposed the new labeling for elevated blood pressure values below 140/90 to more accurately communicate the tendency of blood pressure to rise with age.^[1]

Signs and symptoms

Prehypertension is often asymptomatic (without symptoms) at the time of diagnosis. Only extremely elevated blood pressure (malignant hypertension) can, in rare cases, cause headaches, visual changes, fatigue, or dizziness, but these are nonspecific symptoms which can occur with many other conditions. Thus, blood pressures above normal can go undiagnosed for a long period of time.

Cause

Elevated blood pressure develops gradually over many years usually without a specific identifiable cause. However, possible medical causes, such as medications, kidney disease, adrenal problems or thyroid problems, must first be excluded. High blood pressure that develops over time without a specific cause is considered benign or essential hypertension. Blood pressure also tends to increase as a person ages.

Treatment

To lower the risk of prehypertension progressing to hypertension, modification of lifestyle or behaviors is necessary.

Diet

A low-sodium, high potassium diet is recommended, along with increasing physical activity to at least thirty minutes a day most days of the week, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and maintaining a healthy weight.^[2]

Some research indicates that low-fat, low-sodium diets may have little to no effect on treating hypertension, particularly in cases of diabetics.^[3] There are also links to high-carbohydrate diets heavy in refined carbohydrates (sugar, corn syrup, white flour) as potential sources for increases in blood pressure.^[4] Recent research has found that low carbohydrate diets can lower weight and blood pressure in manners similar to medications.^[5]

Foods rich in potassium include orange juice, potatoes, bananas, avocados, cantaloupes, tomatoes, broccoli, soybeans, brown rice, garlic and apricots, although it is also abundant in most fruits, vegetables and meats.

Supplements

Several studies have found that hibiscus tea has a substantial antihypertensive effect attributable to the flower's angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting anthocyanins, and possibly to a diuretic effect.^{[medical citation needed]}

Monitoring

Careful monitoring for signs of end-organ damage or progression to hypertension is an important part of the follow-up of patients with prehypertension. Any change in blood pressure classification should be confirmed on at least one subsequent visit.

The major indication for pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy is progression to hypertension. The threshold is lower in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney failure, or cardiovascular disease.^[6] The target blood pressure for these conditions is currently less than 120/80 mm Hg.

Home monitoring

Home monitoring of blood pressure can be used to monitor and track prehypertensive patients. This can help to raise the awareness of the patient and their doctor if their blood pressure levels rise to hypertensive levels. Home monitoring can help to avoid white coat hypertension which results in blood pressure levels being elevated due to the presence of a doctor or physician in a ‘white coat’. Monitoring at home or work at regular times each day helps diagnose a patient with prehypertension or hypertension.

The American Heart Association website^[7] says, "You may have what's called 'white coat hypertension'; that means your blood pressure goes up when you're at the doctor's office. Monitoring at home will help you measure your true blood pressure and can provide your doctor with a log of blood pressure measurements over time. This is helpful in diagnosing and preventing potential health problems."

People using home blood pressure monitoring devices are increasingly also using blood pressure charting software. These charting methods provide print outs for the patient's physician and reminders to check blood pressure.

Prognosis

The extent to which prehypertension constitutes a serious health concern remains controversial.^[8] Several long-term studies have suggested no significant increase in all-cause mortality over long periods of time for individuals falling within the prehypertensive range.^[9]^[10] Many studies further indicate a J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality, whereby both very high and very low levels are associated with notable increases in mortality^[11] On the other hand, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggests that people with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing hypertension, or high blood pressure, compared to people with normal blood pressure.^[12]

According to some studies, prehypertension can increase the risk for heart attacks, strokes, congestive heart failure, and kidney failure.^[13]^[14] One study found that a prehypertensive person is more than three times more likely to have a heart attack and 1.7 times more likely to have heart disease than a person with normal blood pressure.^[15] A meta-analysis concluded that prehypertension increases the risk of stroke, and that even low-range prehypertension significantly increases stroke risk.^[16]

Epidemiology

Data from the 1999 and 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) estimated that the prevalence of prehypertension among adults in the United States was approximately 31 percent.^[17] The prevalence was higher among men than women (39 and 23 percent, respectively).^[18]

Risk factors

A primary risk factor for prehypertension is being overweight. Other risk factors include a family history of hypertension, a sedentary lifestyle, eating high sodium foods, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake. Blood pressure levels appear to be familial, but there is no clear genetic pattern.

References

^ Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. (May 2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report". JAMA 289 (19): 2560–72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. PMID 12748199.
^ [1]
^ "Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease: Gary Taubes: 9781400040780: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon.com. 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
^ http://americanheart.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=829
^ "Low-Carb Diet Lowers Blood Pressure - High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) and Related Information on". Medicinenet.com. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
^ Sipahi I, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. (August 2006). "Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (4): 833–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.045. PMID 16904557.
^ American Heart Association website
^ Smetana, GW (2011). "Rethinking "Abnormal" Blood Pressure: What is the Value?". Journal of General Internal Medicine 26 (7): 678–680. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1737-2. PMC 3138596. PMID 21557032.
^ Taylor, BC; Wilt, TJ; Welch, HG (2011). "Impact of diastolic and systolic blood pressure on mortality: Implications for the definition of "normal"". Journal of general internal medicine 26 (7): 685–90. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1660-6. PMC 3138604. PMID 21404131.
^ Port, S; Demer, L; Jennrich, R; Walter, D; Garfinkel, A (2000). "Systolic blood pressure and mortality". Lancet 355 (9199): 175–80. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07051-8. PMID 10675116.
^ http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1140179
^ National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute<http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/hbp/whathbp.htm>
^ Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y (September 2005). "Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?". Stroke 36 (9): 1859–63. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000177495.45580.f1. PMID 16081866.
^ Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. (November 2001). "Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (18): 1291–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa003417. PMID 11794147.
^ American Heart Association (2005, August 6). Prehypertension Triples Heart Attack Risk
^ Huang, Y; Cai X; Li Y; Su L; Mai W; Wang S; Hu Y; Wu Y; Xu D. (Mar 12, 2014). "Prehypertension and the risk of stroke: A meta-analysis". Neurology 82 (13): 1153–61. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000268. PMID 24623843.
^ http://www.uptodate.com. Prehypertension and Borderline Hypertension, Nov 15, 2007
^ Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, et al. (February 2007). "Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative". Circulation 115 (7): 855–60. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.656850. PMID 17309936.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における高血圧の定義および診断 definition and diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents
2. 成人における高血圧症の診断およびマネージメントのための血圧測定 blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults
3. 高血圧：誰が治療が必要か？ hypertension who should be treated
4. 小児および思春期における高血圧治療 treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents
5. 小児および思春期年における高血圧の疫学、危険因子、および原因 epidemiology risk factors and etiology of hypertension in children and adolescents

English Journal

Timing of blood pressure lowering in acute ischemic stroke.

Carcel C1, Anderson CS.
Current atherosclerosis reports.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2015 Aug;17(8):520. doi: 10.1007/s11883-015-0520-y.
Whether there are any benefits without harm from early lowering of blood pressure (BP) in the setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been a longstanding controversy in medicine. Whilst most studies have consistently shown associations between elevated BP, particularly systolic BP, and poor outco
PMID 26041479

Nested interactions in the combined toxicity of uranium and cadmium to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Margerit A1, Lecomte-Pradines C2, Svendsen C3, Frelon S4, Gomez E5, Gilbin R6.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 Aug;118:139-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.023. Epub 2015 May 2.
Uranium is a natural, ubiquitous radioactive element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or intensive farming areas, and most often in mixtures with other contaminants such as cadmium, due to co-occurrence in geological ores (e.g. U- o
PMID 25938694

Circulating mitochondrial DNA in serum of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Surmiak MP1, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M1, Wawrzycka-Adamczyk K1, Szczeklik W1, Musiał J1, Sanak M1.
Clinical and experimental immunology.Clin Exp Immunol.2015 Jul;181(1):150-5. doi: 10.1111/cei.12628. Epub 2015 May 24.
Neutrophil is a key cell in pathophysiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps were described in this disease. Mitochondrial DNA is also released during traps formation. We measured circulating cell-free mitochondrial and genomic DNA in serum of patients wi
PMID 25783562

Japanese Journal

Low job control is associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in men with mildly elevated blood pressure: the Rosai Karoshi study

HATTORI Tomomi,MUNAKATA Masanori
Industrial Health 53(5), 480-488, 2015
… Job strain is a risk factor for hypertension, but it is not fully understood if components of job strain, or job demand or job control per se could be related to blood pressure (BP), and if so, whether the relationship differs between normotension and mildly elevated BP. … We examined resting BP, and job stress components in 113 Japanese male hospital clerks (38.1 ± 4.4 yr). …
NAID 130005101017

Longitudinal trajectories of adiponectin and HDL-C levels over a 3-year survey within the anti-aging health checkup system at Tokai University Tokyo Hospital

YAMADA Chizumi,KISHIMOTO Noriaki,YUKUMATSU Nobushige,TAKEDA Asami,OGATA Tamae,KIKUCHI Emiko,KURODA Emiko,KUBO Akira,ISHII Naoaki,NISHIZAKI Yasuhiro
総合健診 42(4), 444-449, 2015
… The relationship between basal adiponectin level and the following parameters was evaluated: BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, bilateral mean intima-media thickness (IMT) and lifestyle habits (exercise, smoking, drinking and supplement intake) and medical profile (present illness and past history) at baseline and after three years. Results Baseline adiponectin was significantly negatively correlated with baseline BMI, systolic/diastolic BP and triglycerides, and positively correlated with HDL-C. …
NAID 130005096318

Low job control is associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in men with mildly elevated blood pressure: the Rosai Karoshi study

HATTORI Tomomi,MUNAKATA Masanori
Industrial Health advpub(0), 2015
… Job strain is a risk factor for hypertension, but it is not fully understood if components of job strain, or job demand or job control per se could be related to blood pressure (BP), and if so, whether the relationship differs between normotension and mildly elevated BP. … We examined resting BP, and job stress components in 113 Japanese male hospital clerks (38.1 ± 4.4 yr). …
NAID 130005066003

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リンク元	「血圧上昇」「raised blood pressure」「rise in blood pressure」「elevated blood pressure」「blood pressure elevation」
関連記事	「B」「elevate」「BP」「bp」