WordNet

trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
showing respect for the rights or opinions or practices of others
showing the capacity for endurance; "injustice can make us tolerant and forgiving"; "a man patient of distractions" (同)patient of
able to tolerate environmental conditions or physiological stress; "the plant is tolerant of saltwater"; "these fish are quite tolerant as long as extremes of pH are avoided"; "the new hybrid is more resistant to drought" (同)resistant
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it
a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
寛大な,寛容な;(…に)寛大な《+of(to)+名》 / (薬品・毒物などの作用に)耐性がある,抵抗力のある
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
(十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/01 23:29:24」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects – for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters. Cross-tolerance has been observed with pharmaceutical drugs such as anti-anxiety agents and illicit substances, and sometimes the two of them together. Often, a person who uses one drug can be tolerant to a drug that has a completely different function.^[1] This phenomenon allows one to become tolerant to a drug that they have never even used before.^[2]

Drug classifications and cross-tolerance

Groups of psychoactive drugs	Drug examples
Anxiolytics and sedatives	Benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam), Z-drugs, barbiturates, ethanol
Antipsychotics	Phenothiazines (chlorpromazine), butyrophenones (haloperidol), clozapine, aripiprazole
Antidepressants	MAO inhibitors (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, selegiline) tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine), SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine)
Mood stabilizers	[[lithium]], sodium valproate, carbamazepine
Opioid analgesics	Drugs (morphine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl) endogenous opioids (endomorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins)
Psychedelics	Muscarinic (Datura, Amanita), cannabinoid (THC), NMDA antagonists (PCP, ketamine), serotonergic (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin)
Stimulants	Cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, ephedrine

Anxiolytics and sedatives

Excitation of the GABA receptor produces an influx of negatively charged chloride ions, which hyperpolarizes the neuron and makes it less likely to give rise to an action potential. In addition to gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) itself, the GABA_A receptor can also bind barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine binding increases the binding of GABA and barbiturates maximize the time the pore is open. Both of these mechanisms allow for influx of chloride ions. When these drugs are taken together, especially with ethanol (drinking alcohol), there is a disproportionate increase in toxicity because the effects of both occur simultaneously and add up since they act on the same receptor at different sites. Convergence upon the GABA_A receptor is why tolerance for one drug in the group will most likely cause cross-tolerance for the other drugs in the group.^[1] However, the barbiturates are also AMPA receptor blockers, and in addition interact with the nAChR and voltage-gated calcium channels. As a result, somebody who is tolerant to benzodiazepines is more sensitive to barbiturates than vice versa.

Antipsychotics

These drugs block dopamine receptors and some also block serotonin receptors (such as chlorpromazine, the first antipsychotic used clinically). Having been on one or more antipsychotics for any appreciable amount of time results in dramatically reduced sensitivity to others with similar mechanisms of action. However, an antipsychotic with a substantial disparity in pharmacology (e.g. haloperidol and quetiapine) may retain significant efficacy.

Antidepressants and mood stabilizers

MAO inhibitor drugs block an enzyme system resulting in increased stores of monoamine neurotransmitters. More common antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs block reuptake transporters causing increased levels of norepinephrine or serotonin in synapses.^[1] Mood stabilizers include lithium and many anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine are also used for mood disorders. This would demonstrate little to zero cross-tolerance with serotonergic or lithium treatment.

Opioid analgesics

These drugs mimic three classes of endorphins, such as endomorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins. All three of these classes each have their own receptor-mu, kappa, and delta. Opioids will bind to the receptor for the endorphin they are most chemically similar to. Tolerance to some effects occurs with regular use, a result of the downregulation of the stimulated opioid receptors. Cross tolerance to analgesia may develop incompletely and less rapidly, allowing rotation between opioid medications be used to compensate somewhat for tolerance. This phenomena is called incomplete cross-tolerance.^[3]

Stimulants

Cocaine, amphetamines. methylphenidate and ephedrine block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. With increasing doses, amphetamines also cause the direct release of these neurotransmitters.

Psychedelics

Serotonergic psychedelics act through modulation of serotonin. Most of these drugs share a high affinity for the 5-HT_2A receptor subtype, known to result in their common perceptual and psychological effects.

Cross-tolerance between drugs of different classifications

Sometimes cross-tolerance occurs between two drugs that do not share mechanisms of action or classification. For example, amphetamine and amphetamine-like stimulants have been shown to exhibit cross-tolerance with caffeine, and it is likely the mechanism of cross-tolerance involves the dopamine receptor D₁.^[4] Amphetamines also have cross-tolerance with pseudoephedrine, as pseudoephedrine can block dopamine uptake in the same manner that amphetamines do, but less potently.^[5]

Alcohol is another substance that often cross-tolerates with other drugs. Findings of cross-tolerance with nicotine in animal models suggest that it is also possible in humans, and may explain why the two drugs are often used together.^[6] Numerous studies have also suggested the possibility of cross-tolerance between alcohol and cannabis.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print.
^ The Free Dictionary
^ Kishner, Stephen (July 2, 2016). Schraga, Erik D, ed. "Opioid Equivalents and Conversions: Overview". Medscape.
^ Jain R. and S.G. Holtzmann (2005). "Caffeine Induces Differential Cross Tolerance to the Amphetamine-like Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Dopaminergic Agonists". Brain Research Bulletin. 65 (5): 415–421. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.024. PMID 15833596.
^ Ruksee N., W. Tonjaroenbuaranga, S. Casallotti, and P. Gobitrapong (2008). "Amphetamine and Pseudoephedrine Cross-Tolerance Measured by c-Fos Protein Expression in Brains of Chronically Treated Rats". BMC Neuroscience. 9: 99. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-99.
^ Funk D., P. Marinelli, and A. Le. (2006). "Biological Processes Underlying Co-use of Alcohol and Nicotine: Neuronal Mechanisms, Crosstolerance, and Genetic Factors.". Alcohol Research and Health. 29 (3): 186–192. PMID 17373407.
^ Pava M. and J. Woodward. (2012). "A Review of the Interactions between Alcohol and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Alcohol Dependence and Future Directions for Research.". Alcohol. 46 (3): 185–204. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.01.002. PMC 3327810. PMID 22459871.

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Tai S1, Hyatt WS1, Gu C1, Franks LN1, Vasiljevik T2, Brents LK1, Prather PL1, Fantegrossi WE3.
Pharmacological research.Pharmacol Res.2015 Dec;102:22-32. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.09.006. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
These studies probed the relationship between intrinsic efficacy and tolerance/cross-tolerance between ∆(9)-THC and synthetic cannabinoid drugs of abuse (SCBs) by examining in vivo effects and cellular changes concomitant with their repeated administration in mice. Dose-effect relationships for hy
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Hyperthermia conditioned astrocyte-cultured medium protects neurons from ischemic injury by the up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha and the increased anti-apoptotic ability.

Du F1, Wu XM, Gong Q, He X, Ke Y.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2011 Sep;666(1-3):19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.018. Epub 2011 May 23.
It has been demonstrated that conditioned medium from astrocytes challenged by in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD) improved neuronal survival. In addition, preconditioning stimuli can be cross-tolerant, safeguarding against other types of injury. We therefore hypothesized that hypert
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Hyperthermic preconditioning protects astrocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha expression and binding activity.

Du F1, Zhu L, Qian ZM, Wu XM, Yung WH, Ke Y.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2010 Nov;1802(11):1048-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.013. Epub 2010 Jun 25.
It has been demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) mediates ischemic tolerance induced by hypoxia/ischemia or pharmacological preconditioning. In addition, preconditioning stimuli can be cross-tolerant, safeguarding against other types of injury. We therefore hypothesized H
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「crosstolerant」「交差耐性」「crosstolerance」「cross-tolerance」「cross-resistance」
関連記事	「cross」「crossing」「tolerant」「crossed」