WordNet

bred from parents of different varieties or species
trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
(genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids (同)hybridisation, crossbreeding, crossing, cross, interbreeding, hybridizing

PrepTutorEJDIC

雑種の,[異種]交配によってできた
〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/27 17:42:06」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A Labradoodle, a crossbreed between a poodle and a retriever

A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Crossbreeding, sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", refers to the process of breeding such an organism, often with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an organism with hybrid vigor. While crossbreeding is used to maintain health and viability of organisms, irresponsible crossbreeding can also produce organisms of inferior quality or dilute a purebred gene pool to the point of extinction of a given breed of organism.^{[citation needed]}

The term is also used at times to refer to a domestic animal of unknown ancestry where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent is known, though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. The term outcross is used to describe a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the genetic diversity within the breed, particularly when there is a need to avoid inbreeding.

In animal breeding, crossbreed describes crosses within a single species, while hybrid refers to crosses between different species. In plant breeding terminology, the term crossbreed is uncommon. No universal term is used to distinguish hybridization or crossing within a population from those between populations, or even those between species.

Crossbreeds in specific animals

Cattle

In cattle, there are systems of crossbreeding. In many crossbreeds, one is larger than the other. One is used when the purebred females are particularly adapted to a specific environment, and are crossed with purebred bulls from another environment to produce a generation having traits of both parents.^[1]

Sheep

The large number of breeds of sheep, which vary greatly, creates an opportunity for crossbreeding to be used to tailor production of lambs to the goal of the individual stockman.^[2]

Llamas

Results of crossbreeding classic and woolly breeds of llama are unpredictable. The resulting offspring displays physical characteristics of either parent, or a mix of characteristics from both, periodically producing a fleeced llama. The results are increasingly unpredictable when both parents are crossbreeds, with possibility of the offspring displaying characteristics of a grandparent, not obvious in either parent. ^[3]

Dogs

A crossbred dog is a cross between two (sometimes more) known breeds, and is usually distinguished from a mixed-breed dog, which has ancestry from many sources, some of which may not be known. Crossbreeds are popular, due to the belief that they have increased vigor without loss of attractiveness of the dog. Certain planned crossbreeding between purebred dogs of different breeds can produce puppies worth more than their purebred parents, due to a high demand.^{[citation needed]}

Horses

The National Show Horse was developed from crossbreeding programs in the 1970s and 1980s that blended Arabian horse and American Saddlebred bloodlines

Crossbreeding in horses is often done with the intent of ultimately creating a new breed of horse. One type of modern crossbreeding in horses is used to create many of the warmblood breeds. Warmbloods are a type of horse used in the sport horse disciplines, usually registered in an open stud book by a studbook selection procedure that evaluates conformation, pedigree and, in some animals, a training or performance standard. Most warmblood breeds began as a cross of draft horse breeds on Thoroughbreds, but have, in some cases, developed over the past century to the point where they are considered to be a true-breeding population and have a closed stud book. Other types of recognized crossbreeding include that within the American Quarter Horse, which will register horses with one Thoroughbred parent and one registered Quarter Horse parent in the "Appendix" registry, and allow such animals full breed registration status as Quarter Horses if they meet a certain performance standard. Another well-known crossbred horse is the Anglo-Arabian, which may be produced by a purebred Arabian horse crossed on a Thoroughbred, or by various crosses of Anglo-Arabians with other Anglo-Arabians, as long as the ensuing animal never has more than 75% or less than 25% of each breed represented in its pedigree.

Hybrid animals

A hybrid animal is one with parentage of two separate species, differentiating it from crossbred animals, which have parentage of the same species. Hybrids are usually, but not always, sterile.^[4]

One of the most ancient types of hybrid animal is the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey. The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion and female tiger. The yattle is a cross between a cow and a yak. Other crosses include the tigon (between a male tiger and female lion) and yakalo (between a yak and buffalo). The Incas recognized that hybrids of Lama glama (llama) and Lama pacos (alpaca) resulted in a hybrid with none of the advantages of either parent.^[5]

At one time it was thought that dogs and wolves were separate species, and the crosses between dogs and wolves were called wolf hybrids. Today wolves and dogs are both recognized as Canis lupus, but the old term "wolf hybrid" is still used.

Mixed breeds

A mixed-breed animal is defined as having undocumented or unknown parentage, while a crossbreed generally has known, usually purebred parents of two distinct breeds or varieties. A dog of unknown parentage is often called a mixed-breed dog, "mutt" or "mongrel." A cat of unknown parentage is often referred to as domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cat generically, and in some dialects is often called a "moggy". A horse of unknown bloodlines is a grade horse.

References

^ Cross breeding systems for beef cattle larger Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland
^ Crossbreeding In Sheep, by Angie Bailey, Jason Canup and Jorge Lucena Purdue University, USA
^ What is a classic llama?
^ Why Are Hybrids Sterile ? - Because of gene evolution
^ An Ancient Livestock, by Barbara Lang

English Journal

Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of the Celta pig crossbred with Duroc and Landrance genotypes.

Franco D, Vazquez JA, Lorenzo JM.SourceCentro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrán das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2014 Jan;96(1):195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.024. Epub 2013 Jun 22.
The Celta pig is a native breed adapted to the north of Spain and extensive production system. The objective was to study the effects of sex and crossbreeding on carcass characteristics and meat quality. Samples were taken from longissimus dorsi muscle of 52 pigs of three different groups [Celta pur
PMID 23896154

Effect of sire breed on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of lamb meat.

Jandasek J, Milerski M, Lichovnikova M.SourceDepartment of Vegetable Foodstuff, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jandasek@email.cz.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2014 Jan;96(1):88-93. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.011. Epub 2013 Jun 14.
Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of lamb meat were evaluated in crossbred ram lambs from Merino ewes and Oxford Down, Texel, Charollais, Suffolk and Merinolandschaf sires. The lambs were slaughtered at average age 119.2days, live weight 34.6kg and carcass weight 16.3kg. Samples of M. lon
PMID 23896141

Prediction of heterosis using genome-wide SNP-marker data: application to egg production traits in white Leghorn crosses.

Amuzu-Aweh EN, Bijma P, Kinghorn BP, Vereijken A, Visscher J, van Arendonk JA, Bovenhuis H.Source1] Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Heredity.Heredity (Edinb).2013 Dec;111(6):530-8. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2013.77. Epub 2013 Oct 9.
Prediction of heterosis has a long history with mixed success, partly due to low numbers of genetic markers and/or small data sets. We investigated the prediction of heterosis for egg number, egg weight and survival days in domestic white Leghorns, using ∼400 000 individuals from 47 crosses and
PMID 24105438

Japanese Journal

中国東北地域におけるアイガモ水稲同時作を導入した合作社経営の成立要因に関する一考察 : アイガモ水稲同時作の収益性と合作社の農地集積に注目して

高永琪,松下秀介
農業経営研究 52(4), 25-30, 2015-01
NAID 40020336114

豆腐粕サイレージを用いた雄子ヤギの育成

長嶺樹,松村柚香,砂川勝徳
日本暖地畜産学会報 58(1), 61-73, 2015
本研究の目的は、長期間保存できる豆腐粕サイレージを調製し、豆腐粕サイレージの給与が雄子ヤギの成長及び肉生産に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることであった。本研究で調製した豆腐粕サイレージは長期間保存することが可能であり( 乳酸含量が高く、酪酸は含まず)、嗜好性が良好であった。12 頭のヤギ( 日本ザーネン種×ヌビアン種、3 カ月齢、平均体重22.3 kg) が、2 つのグループ(control feed …
NAID 130005086652

Number of ovulations in culled Landrace × Yorkshire gilts in the tropics associated with age, body weight and growth rate

TUMMARUK Padet,KESDANGSAKONWUT Sawang
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… The objective of the present study was to determine the number of ovulations in culled Landrace × Yorkshire (LY) crossbred gilts in the tropics associated with age, body weight and growth rate. …
NAID 130005067047