WordNet

trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it
a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
(十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/22 11:38:07」(JST)

wiki en

Cross-matching (or crossmatching) blood, in transfusion medicine, refers to the test that is performed prior to a blood transfusion in order to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an intended recipient. Cross-matching is also used to determine compatibility between a donor and recipient in organ transplantation. Compatibility is determined through matching of different blood group systems, the most important of which are the ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood.

Cross-matching is done by a certified laboratory technologist, in a laboratory. It can be done electronically, with a computer database if a patient has previously been tested, or serologically by way of testing. Simpler tests may be used to determine blood type (only), or to screen for antibodies (only) (indirect Coombs test).

Types of cross-matching

Abbreviated cross-matching

Immediate-spin cross-matching (ISCM)

Immediate-spin cross-matching is an abbreviated form of cross-matching that is faster, less expensive but also less sensitive. It is an immediate test that combines the patient's serum and donor's red blood cells at room temperature. No agglutination indicates a negative test reaction, or compatible match. Indications for ISCM are dependent on the circumstances of the patient and it can be used in place of a full cross-match or performed as a preliminary test.

Electronic cross-matching

Electronic cross-matching is a computer-assisted analysis using data, from the donor unit (where a donor's blood is tested prior to donation) and testing done on blood samples from the intended recipient. This includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and of the recipient, and an antibody screen of the recipient. Electronic cross-matching can only be used if a patient has a negative antibody screen, which means that they do not have any active red blood cell atypical antibodies, or they are below the detectable level of current testing methods. If all of the data entered is compatible, the computer will print a compatibility label stating that the unit is safe to transfuse.

Cross-matching falls into two categories:

Major cross-match: Recipient serum is tested against donor packed cells to determine if the recipient has preformed antibodies against any antigens on the donor's cells. This is the required cross-match prior to release of a unit of packed cells.
Minor cross-match: Recipient red cells are tested against donor serum to detect donor antibodies directed against a patient's antigens. This is no longer required. It is assumed that the small amount of donor serum and antibodies left in a unit of packed cells will be diluted in a recipient.

Emergencies

As the complete cross-matching process takes approximately 1 hour,^{[citation needed]} it is not always used in emergencies.

In the case of an emergency, a type-specific blood to which the recipient has no antibodies, can be requested. It is thought that this lifesaving measure is of more benefit than any risk of an antibody-mediated transfusion reaction. This type of blood has less risk of a serious transfusion reaction because it is both ABO compatible and Rhesus (Rh)-compatible.

Universal donor blood, which is both type O and Rh negative, can be given if the recipient's blood group is not known, as may happen in an emergency. Some institutions will only release O+ for male and O- blood for female patients. This serves 2 purposes. First, it preserves the lower stock of O- blood and secondly, this eliminates the risk of O- negative mothers forming anti-D (Rh) antibodies from exposure to O+ blood. Anti-D (Rh) can cross the placenta during pregnancy and attack an unborn child's RBCs if they are D (Rh) positive.

In an emergency, blood grouping can be done easily and quickly in 2 or 3 minutes in the laboratory on glass slides with appropriate reagents, by trained technical staff. This method depends on the presence or absence of agglutination (clumping of red blood cells), which can usually be visualized directly. Presence of agglutination indicates incompatibility. Occasionally a light microscope may be needed. If laboratory services are not available, the bedside card method of blood grouping may be used, where a drop of the intended recipients blood is added to dried reagents on a prepared card. This method may not be as reliable as laboratory methods, which are preferable.

External links

Nobelprize.org Interactive online game for blood typing and transfusion (Flash Player 5 required)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 赤血球移植前試験 pretransfusion testing for red blood cell transfusion
2. 交差適合試験での不適合 the incompatible crossmatch
3. 腎移植におけるHLAとABOの感作および脱感作 hla and abo sensitization and desensitization in renal transplantation
4. Preanesthesia evaluation for cardiac surgery
5. 幼児および小児における赤血球輸血：血液製剤の選択 red blood cell transfusion in infants and children selection of blood products

Japanese Journal

A case of acute deterioration associated with humoral rejection and platelet transfusion refractoriness due to anti-HLA antibodies in living-donor liver transplantation

藤山泰二,井上仁,羽田野雅英,伊藤英太郎,米永吉邦,渡邊常太,串畑史樹,高田泰次,羽藤高明,羽賀博典
肝臓 54(1), 51-59, 2013
… Preoperative lymphocyte cross-matching was negative. …
NAID 130003368650

本邦における新生児血小板減少症の集計調査

飯野美穂,井上進,二上由紀,小林洋紀,加藤尚美,森田庄治,石島あや子,柴田洋一,溝口秀昭,南陸彦
日本輸血細胞治療学会誌 = Japanese journal of transfusion and cell therapy 56(4), 508-514, 2010-08-20
NAID 10027584549

交差適合試験(白血球適合試験,血小板適合試験を含む) (広範囲血液・尿化学検査免疫学的検査(第7版・3)その数値をどう読むか) -- (免疫学的検査血液型および輸血検査)

奥田誠
日本臨床 68(-) (980), 782-787, 2010-06-00
NAID 40017181895

Related Pictures

Cross-Matching : Types, Purpose, Principle, Procedure and Interpretation Cross-matching - Wikipedia Organ transplantation and the hla system lecture The most important liquids for mankind - ppt video online download Results of a typical #blood cross match test showing #agglutination and clumping with Cross transfusion and compatibility Medical Laboratory Technology - SOP: Crossmatching Blood cross matching (Compatibility test), Transfusion Reaction and Treatment

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「交差適合試験」「クロスマッチ」「交差均等割付」「交差マッチング」
関連記事	「cross」「matching」「crossing」「crossed」

「交差適合試験」

Cross-matching
	Intervention
	Compatibility testing concerning RBCs
MeSH	D001788
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: crossmatching test
同: 血液交差適合試験 blood cross-matching procedure、クロスマッチ試験 cross-matching test、クロスマッチ cross-matching
関: 交差試験、blood typing

概念

不適合輸血を防ぐための検査。
輸血前に行われ、ABO型血液型、Rho(D)抗原の検査とは別の時点で採血した献体を用いる。
主試験は必ず実施

		供血者	受血者	目的
主試験	major cross-match	血球	血清	輸血する血球の型を調べる
副試験	minor cross-match	血清	血球	輸血する血清中の抗体を調べる。