WordNet

make complete or perfect; supply what is wanting or form the complement to; "I need some pepper to complement the sweet touch in the soup"
a complete number or quantity; "a full complement"
one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
something added to complete or embellish or make perfect; "a fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner"; "wild rice was served as an accompaniment to the main dish" (同)accompaniment
number needed to make up a whole force; "a full complement of workers" (同)full complement
a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
either of two parts that mutually complete each other
of or relating to the study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome; " a classical scholar"
of or relating to the most highly developed stage of an earlier civilisation and its culture; "classic Cinese pottery" (同)classic
of or pertaining to or characteristic of the ancient Greek and Roman cultures; "classical mythology"; "classical (同)classic, Greco-Roman, Graeco-Roman, Hellenic
(language) having the form used by ancient standard authors; "classical Greek
a creation of the highest excellence
an artist who has created classic works
a trodden path (同)footpath

PrepTutorEJDIC

(あるものを完全にするため)(…を)補う物(事)《+『of』+『名』》 / 補語(文法で文の成分の一つ) / (必要な)全数,全量;(船の)定員 / …を補足する,補う
古典の;古典時代の;古典様式の / (文学・芸術において)古典主義の(簡潔で調和を保ち洗練されているのが特徴) / (ジャズ・フォークなどに対して主として20世紀初頭までの)古典派の / (新奇な・実験的なものではなく)伝統的な,正統的な / (専門科目に対して)教養科目の
(一つの分野の中で)『規範となる』,典型的な;第1級の / 伝統的な,由緒のある(traditional) / (型・様式などについて)単純で洗練された / 古典の;古典的な(classical) / 〈C〉(一つの分野の中で)『規範』(『模範』)『となる作品』,代表作 / 〈C〉代表的芸術家,古典的作家 / 《the classics》《しばしばC-》古典文学 / 〈C〉伝統的な(由緒ある)行事
道,小道(path)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/16 06:50:36」(JST)

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The classical and alternative complement pathways.

The Classical pathway of activation of the complement system is a group of blood proteins that mediate the specific antibody response. The main activators of the Classical Pathway are antigen-antibody complexes.

Initiation

It is triggered by antigen-bound antibody molecules. (The only antibodies capable of binding are two units of IgG or one IgM, although IgM is more effective at activating complement. IgG4 cannot bind, but the other three IgG types can.) It is the binding of Fc region to the C1 component that initiates this pathway. The classical pathway can also be triggered by binding of C1 to some types of structures on the target microbe. Also, it can be triggered by C-Reactive Protein binding to microbic polysaccharides such as phosphocholine.^[1]

C1 and its subunits

This initial enzyme, C1, is a complex formed through a calcium-dependent association between two reversibly interacting subunits, C1q and C1r2s2. In the absence of an immune response, approximately 70% of C1 exists as a complex between these two subunits. C1 occurs in serum as a proenzyme that tends to undergo autoactivation (in which the two subunits are bound together) but is strictly controlled by C1-inhibitor (C1-In or C1 esterase). Upon the binding of C1 to immune complexes by virtue of the affinity of C1q for immunoglobulins (to be specific, IgM and IgG), the controlling action of C1-In is overcome, and C1q effects activation of C1r2s2.

C1q possesses no intrinsic catalytic activity, but, when any of several activators bind to the C1q subcomponent of C1, the homologous C1r and C1s subcomponents are converted into catalytically active species, namely C1r* and C1s*, triggering the first step of the classical pathway of complement activation.

Thus, on binding to immune complexes through C1q, the subunits of C1 become firmly associated and autoactivation commences even in the presence of the C1-In.

Steps leading to C3-convertase

At first, a conformational change in C1r occurs, followed by proteolytic activation, which results in the cleavage of all four polypeptide chains of C1r2s2.

Classical pathway. (Some labels are in Polish.)

The two activated C1s subunits cleave C4 into C4a and C4b. C4a is released while C4b binds to the membrane. C4b then binds to another protein C2 and stimulates C1s to cleave it into C2a and C2b. C2b is released while C2a binds to C4b to form C4bC2a. C4bC2a is able to catalyze the assembly of the C3-convertase.

External links

Immunology at MCG 2/fixation^{[dead link]}

References

^ Carolyn Mold; Henry Gewurz; Terry W Du Clos (May 1999). "Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein". Immunopharmacology 42 (1–3): 23–30. doi:10.1016/S0162-3109(99)00007-7.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 補体経路 complement pathways
2. 補体系の後天性疾患 acquired disorders of the complement system
3. 後天性C1インヒビター欠損症：臨床症状、疫学、病因、および診断 acquired c1 inhibitor deficiency clinical manifestations epidemiology pathogenesis and diagnosis
4. リウマチ性血管炎の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid vasculitis
5. 補体系の遺伝性疾患 inherited disorders of the complement system

English Journal

Structure analysis of a heteropolysaccharide from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. and anticomplementary activity of its sulfated derivatives.

Chen M1, Wu J1, Shi S1, Chen Y1, Wang H1, Fan H1, Wang S2.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2016 Nov 5;152:241-52. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.110. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
A homogenous water-soluble polysaccharide, DPSW-A, with a deduced chemical structure was extracted from the herb Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. Moreover, 80.813-kDa DPSW-A is composed of three types of monosaccharide, namely rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose, at a molar ratio of 1.0:10.7:11.9. Th
PMID 27516270

Complement analysis 2016: Clinical indications, laboratory diagnostics and quality control.

Prohászka Z1, Nilsson B2, Frazer-Abel A3, Kirschfink M4.
Immunobiology.Immunobiology.2016 Nov;221(11):1247-58. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.008. Epub 2016 Jul 18.
In recent years, complement analysis of body fluids and biopsies, going far beyond C3 and C4, has significantly enhanced our understanding of the disease process. Such expanded complement analysis allows for a more precise differential diagnosis and for critical monitoring of complement-targeted the
PMID 27475991

Protection of host cells by complement regulators.

Schmidt CQ1, Lambris JD2, Ricklin D2.
Immunological reviews.Immunol Rev.2016 Nov;274(1):152-171. doi: 10.1111/imr.12475.
The complement cascade is an ancient immune-surveillance system that not only provides protection from pathogen invasion but has also evolved to participate in physiological processes to maintain tissue homeostasis. The alternative pathway (AP) of complement activation is the evolutionarily oldest p
PMID 27782321