基底核
- 関
- basal ganglia、basal ganglion、basal nuclei、nucleus basalis
WordNet
- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
- (astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
- any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
- the positively charged dense center of an atom
- of primary importance (同)primary
- serving as or forming a base; "the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats" (同)base
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
- 基底の,基部の / 基礎的な,基本的な
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/04/24 17:25:06」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Brain: Nucleus basalis of Meynert |
MRI showing a coronal plane of the head with marks showing the location of the substantia innominata, the region in which the nucleus basalis is found.
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Intermediate magnification micrograph of the nucleus basalis (of Meynert). LFB-HE stain.
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Latin |
nucleus basalis telencephali |
Gray's |
p.813 |
NeuroNames |
hier-257 |
MeSH |
Basal+nucleus+of+Meynert |
Nucleus basalis of Meynert, abbreviated NBM and also known as the nucleus basalis, is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.
Contents
- 1 Clinical significance
- 2 Anatomy
- 3 Cholinergic neurons/cell bodies
- 4 Eponym
- 5 Additional images
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Clinical significance
In Parkinson' and Alzheimer's diseases, the nucleus basalis undergoes degeneration. A decrease in acetylcholine production is seen in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Pick's disease, and some Parkinson's disease patients showing abnormal brain function, leading to a general decrease in mental capacity and learning.
Most pharmacological treatments of dementia focus on compensating for a faltering NBM function through artificially increasing acetylcholine levels.
Anatomy
NBM in relation to the globus pallidus (top of image).
The NBM is inferior to the globus pallidus and within an area known as the substantia innominata. The NBM is immediately inferior to the anterior commissure and superior and lateral to the anterior portion of the hypothalamus.
Cholinergic neurons/cell bodies
The primary concentration of cholinergic neurons/cell bodies that project to the neocortex are in the basal nucleus of Meynert which is located in the substantia innominata of the anterior perforated substance. These cholinergic neurons have a number of important functions in particular with respect to modulating the ratio of reality and virtual reality components of visual perception.[1] Experimental evidence has shown that normal visual perception has two components.[1] The first (A) is a bottom-up component in which the input to the higher visual cortex (where conscious perception takes place) comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the Nucleus Basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1.[2] The cholinergic axons then proceed to layers 1-11 (the input layer for cortico-cortical fibers) where they activate inhibitory muscarinic receptors of pyramidal cells, and thus inhibit cortico-cortical conduction.[2] In this way activation of Nucleus Basalis promotes (A) and inhibits (B) thus allowing full attention to be paid to the new stimulus. Goard and Dan,[3] and Kuo et al.[4] report similar findings. Gerrard Reopit, in 1984, confirmed the reported findings in his research.
Eponym
It is named for Theodor Meynert.[5]
Additional images
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NBM in relation to the globus pallidus and putamen - very low magnification.
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NBM - very high magnification.
References
- ^ a b Smythies, J. (2009) Philosophy, Perception and Neuroscience. Philosophy 38, 638–51.
- ^ a b Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron 46 (4): 681–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.026. PMID 15944135.
- ^ Goard M, Dan Y (November 2009). "Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes". Nat. Neurosci. 12 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1038/nn.2402. PMID 19801988.
- ^ Kuo MC, Rasmusson DD, Dringenberg HC (September 2009). "Input-selective potentiation and rebalancing of primary sensory cortex afferents by endogenous acetylcholine". Neuroscience 163 (1): 430–41. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.026. PMID 19531370.
- ^ synd/3820 at Who Named It?
External links
- location at univ-rennes1.fr
This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.
Human brain, cerebrum, Interior of the cerebral hemispheres—Rostral Basal ganglia and associated structures (TA A14.1.09.321–552, GA 9.832–837)
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Basal ganglia |
Grey matter
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Corpus striatum
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- striatum: Putamen
- Caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus: Putamen
- Globus pallidus (GPe
- GPi)
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Ventral striatum
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- Nucleus accumbens
- Olfactory tubercle
- Islands of Calleja
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Other
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White matter
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Internal capsule (Anterior limb
- Genu
- Posterior limb
- Optic radiation)
Corona radiata
- External capsule
- Extreme capsule
Pallidothalamic tracts: Thalamic fasciculus (Ansa lenticularis
- Lenticular fasciculus)
- Subthalamic fasciculus
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Rhinencephalon |
Grey matter
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- Anterior olfactory nucleus
- Anterior perforated substance
- Olfactory bulb
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White matter
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- Olfactory tract (Medial olfactory stria
- Lateral olfactory stria)
- Olfactory trigone
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Other basal forebrain |
Grey matter
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- Substantia innominata (Basal optic nucleus of Meynert)
- Nucleus of diagonal band
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White matter
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- Diagonal band of Broca
- Stria terminalis
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Archicortex:
Hippocampal formation/
Hippocampus anatomy |
Grey matter
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- Hippocampus proper: CA1
- CA2
- CA3
- CA4
Dentate gyrus: Fascia dentata
Subiculum
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White matter
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- Alveus
- Fimbria
- Perforant path
- Schaffer collateral
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anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp
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noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
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Neurotransmitter systems
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Acetylcholine |
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert → Neocortex
- Septal nuclei (Medial septal nucleus) → Fornix → Hippocampus
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BA/M |
Dopaminergic pathways |
- Mesocortical pathway: Ventral tegmental area → Frontal cortex
- Mesolimbic pathway: Ventral tegmental area → Nucleus accumbens
- Nigrostriatal pathway: Pars compacta → Striatum
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway: Hypothalamus → Pituitary gland
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Norepinephrine |
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Serotonin pathways |
- Raphe nuclei
- Anterior raphespinal tract
- Lateral raphespinal tract
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AA |
Aspartate |
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GABA |
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Glycine |
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Glutamate |
- Thalamus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Globus pallidus
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Different susceptibility of medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia atrophy rates to vascular risk factors.
- de Jong LW, Forsberg LE, Vidal JS, Sigurdsson S, Zijdenbos AP, Garcia M, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, van Buchem MA, Launer LJ.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Jan;35(1):72-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.009. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
- Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and basal ganglia (BG) are characteristic of various neurodegenerative diseases in older people. In search of potentially modifiable factors that lead to atrophy in these structures, we studied the association of vascular risk factors with atrophy of the MTL
- PMID 23992618
- Zonisamide regulates basal ganglia transmission via astroglial kynurenine pathway.
- Fukuyama K, Tanahashi S, Hoshikawa M, Shinagawa R, Okada M.SourceDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2014 Jan;76 Pt A:137-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.002. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
- To clarify the anti-parkinsonian mechanisms of action of zonisamide (ZNS), we determined the effects of ZNS on tripartite synaptic transmission associated with kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) in cultured astrocytes, and transmission in both direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia using microdial
- PMID 23973311
- Epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation and migration of porcine trophectoderm cells through protooncogenic protein kinase 1 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction cascades during early pregnancy.
- Jeong W, Kim J, Bazer FW, Song G.SourceDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
- Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2013 Dec 5;381(1-2):302-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.024. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
- For successful implantation and establishment of early epitheliochorial placentation, porcine conceptuses require histotroph, including nutrients and growth factors, secreted by or transported into the lumen of the uterus. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), an essential component of histotroph, is known
- PMID 24012778
Japanese Journal
- Superficial siderosis associated with aceruloplasminemia. Case report
- Matsushima Akira,Yoshida Toshikazu,Yoshida Kunihiro,Ohara Shinji,Toyoshima Yasuko,Kakita Akiyoshi,Ikeda Shu-ichi
- JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 339(41641), 231-234, 2014-04-15
- … Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed marked hypointensity at the surface of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem bilaterally, in addition to the bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, and dentate nucleus, suggesting the coexistence of ACP and superficial siderosis (SS). …
- NAID 120005468421
- Morphological Alteration of the Salivary Duct by Chronic Inflammation with Histopathological, Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study
- Yamamoto Hiroshi
- International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences 12(3), 183-195, 2014
- … Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses of the hyperplastic ducts showed hyperplasia of cuboidal basal cell-like cells with relatively high nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio. … Immunohistochemically,hyperplastic basal cell-like cells were positive for p63, CK34βE12, CK5/6, CK19, and Ecadherin, thus reflecting basal cell characteristics. …
- NAID 130003395900
- 1P190 血管平滑筋細胞内の核に対する核上下のアクチンストレスファイバの力学的役割(12.細胞生物的課題,ポスター,日本生物物理学会年会第51回(2013年度))
- Nagayama Kazuaki,Yahiro Yuki,Ukiki Mitsuhiro,Matsumoto Takeo
- 生物物理 53(SUPPLEMENT_1-2), S137, 2013-09-13
- NAID 110009819362
Related Links
- vestibular nuclei, nu´clei vestibula´res the four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle: superior (rostral or cranial), lateral, medial, and inferior (caudal) vestibular nuclei; in them are the terminations of the branches of the ...
- Abbreviation B Species Mouse Description of part The cholinergic cells of the basal nucleus of Meynert straddle the border between the globus pallidus and the internal capsule, invading both of these structures (Figs. 34-36). For a ...
Related Pictures
![discover that habits are stored on basal](https://1mg.info/0/3/k/0206.jpg)
![BASAL NUCLEI DIAGRAM](https://1mg.info/0/3/k/0207.jpg)
![_nucleus - Basal Nuclei caudate nucleus](https://1mg.info/0/3/k/0208.jpg)
![Definition of « Nuclei, basal »](https://1mg.info/0/3/k/0209.jpg)
![Themajor parts ofthe basal ganglia consist](https://1mg.info/0/3/k/0210.jpg)
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- basal ganglion, (pl.)basal ganglia, cerebral basal nuclei (KL)
- ラ
- nuclei basales
- 同
- 大脳核 nuclei cerebri、基底核 basal nucleus
解剖
機能
- 大脳皮質とともに運動計画、運動開始、作業手順に関係している。
- 連続運動の相対強度や方向を制御する。
- 目的に沿って多くの運動を並列的に遂行させたり、遂行の順序を決めることによって、大の皮質による複雑なパターンの筋運動の企画と制御を助ける。
- 運動の学習、特に運動手続きの学習と記憶に重要な役割を果たす。
大脳基底核の回路
直接路 (SP.376)
間接路 (SP.377)
障害
- ある種の不随運動を抑制できない。
- 急速な随意運動が実行不能となる。
[★]
基底核、大脳基底核、脳幹神経節
- 関
- basal ganglia、basal nuclei、basal nucleus、claustrum、nucleus basalis、ventral striatum
[★]
基底核
- 関
- basal ganglia、basal ganglion、basal nucleus、claustrum、nucleus basalis、ventral striatum
[★]
基底核
- 関
- basal ganglia、basal ganglion、basal nuclei、basal nucleus
[★]
- 関
- base、basement、bases、basic、basis、element、elementary、fundamental、fundamentals、fundus、ground