関: basal ganglia、basal ganglion、basal nuclei、nucleus basalis

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
of primary importance (同)primary
serving as or forming a base; "the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats" (同)base

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
基底の,基部の / 基礎的な,基本的な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/24 17:25:06」(JST)

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Nucleus basalis of Meynert, abbreviated NBM and also known as the nucleus basalis, is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.

Clinical significance

In Parkinson' and Alzheimer's diseases, the nucleus basalis undergoes degeneration. A decrease in acetylcholine production is seen in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Pick's disease, and some Parkinson's disease patients showing abnormal brain function, leading to a general decrease in mental capacity and learning.

Most pharmacological treatments of dementia focus on compensating for a faltering NBM function through artificially increasing acetylcholine levels.

Anatomy

NBM in relation to the globus pallidus (top of image).

The NBM is inferior to the globus pallidus and within an area known as the substantia innominata. The NBM is immediately inferior to the anterior commissure and superior and lateral to the anterior portion of the hypothalamus.

Cholinergic neurons/cell bodies

The primary concentration of cholinergic neurons/cell bodies that project to the neocortex are in the basal nucleus of Meynert which is located in the substantia innominata of the anterior perforated substance. These cholinergic neurons have a number of important functions in particular with respect to modulating the ratio of reality and virtual reality components of visual perception.^[1] Experimental evidence has shown that normal visual perception has two components.^[1] The first (A) is a bottom-up component in which the input to the higher visual cortex (where conscious perception takes place) comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the Nucleus Basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1.^[2] The cholinergic axons then proceed to layers 1-11 (the input layer for cortico-cortical fibers) where they activate inhibitory muscarinic receptors of pyramidal cells, and thus inhibit cortico-cortical conduction.^[2] In this way activation of Nucleus Basalis promotes (A) and inhibits (B) thus allowing full attention to be paid to the new stimulus. Goard and Dan,^[3] and Kuo et al.^[4] report similar findings. Gerrard Reopit, in 1984, confirmed the reported findings in his research.

Eponym

It is named for Theodor Meynert.^[5]

Additional images

NBM in relation to the globus pallidus and putamen - very low magnification.
NBM - very high magnification.

References

^ ^a ^b Smythies, J. (2009) Philosophy, Perception and Neuroscience. Philosophy 38, 638–51.
^ ^a ^b Yu AJ, Dayan P (May 2005). "Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention". Neuron 46 (4): 681–92. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.026. PMID 15944135.
^ Goard M, Dan Y (November 2009). "Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes". Nat. Neurosci. 12 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1038/nn.2402. PMID 19801988.
^ Kuo MC, Rasmusson DD, Dringenberg HC (September 2009). "Input-selective potentiation and rebalancing of primary sensory cortex afferents by endogenous acetylcholine". Neuroscience 163 (1): 430–41. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.026. PMID 19531370.
^ synd/3820 at Who Named It?

External links

location at univ-rennes1.fr

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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de Jong LW, Forsberg LE, Vidal JS, Sigurdsson S, Zijdenbos AP, Garcia M, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, van Buchem MA, Launer LJ.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Zonisamide regulates basal ganglia transmission via astroglial kynurenine pathway.

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To clarify the anti-parkinsonian mechanisms of action of zonisamide (ZNS), we determined the effects of ZNS on tripartite synaptic transmission associated with kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) in cultured astrocytes, and transmission in both direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia using microdial
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Japanese Journal

Superficial siderosis associated with aceruloplasminemia. Case report

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「大脳基底核」「basal ganglion」「basal nuclei」「nucleus basalis」
関連記事	「basal」

「大脳基底核」

Brain: Nucleus basalis of Meynert
	; MRI showing a coronal plane of the head with marks showing the location of the substantia innominata, the region in which the nucleus basalis is found.
	; Intermediate magnification micrograph of the nucleus basalis (of Meynert). LFB-HE stain.
Latin	nucleus basalis telencephali
Gray's	p.813
NeuroNames	hier-257
MeSH	Basal+nucleus+of+Meynert

　　[★]

英: basal ganglion, (pl.)basal ganglia, cerebral basal nuclei (KL)
ラ: nuclei basales
同: 大脳核 nuclei cerebri、基底核 basal nucleus

参考：PT.112, SP.381

解剖

機能

大脳皮質とともに運動計画、運動開始、作業手順に関係している。
連続運動の相対強度や方向を制御する。
目的に沿って多くの運動を並列的に遂行させたり、遂行の順序を決めることによって、大の皮質による複雑なパターンの筋運動の企画と制御を助ける。
運動の学習、特に運動手続きの学習と記憶に重要な役割を果たす。