antigen-presenting cells

抗原提示細胞 APCs

WordNet

1. small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
2. a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
3. a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
4. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
5. any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
6. a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
7. any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
2. 抗原(生物の体内にはいって免疫体を作る物質)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/17 13:46:18」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells.

See also: Antigen presentation

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their surfaces. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.

Types

APCs fall into two categories: professional or non-professional.

T cells cannot recognise, and therefore cannot respond to, 'free' antigen. T cells can only 'see' an antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC and CD1 molecules. Most cells in the body can present antigen to CD8⁺ T cells via MHC class I molecules and, thus, act as "APCs"; however, the term is often limited to specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell). These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4⁺ ("helper") cells as well as CD8⁺ ("cytotoxic") T cells, respectively. (Almost all nucleated cells express MHC class I receptors, including professional APCs. If a virus infects a macrophage or dendritic cell, it will try to promote its own destruction through cytotoxic T cells. However, dendritic cells can ingest viruses through pinocytosis and therefore activate the adaptive immune response to create antibodies for the virus through class II MHC receptors.)

To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells.

Professional APCs

Professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules is a defining feature of professional APCs.

There are three main types of professional antigen-presenting cell:

• Dendritic cells (DCs), which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. Activated DCs are especially potent T_H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7.
• Macrophages, which are also CD4+ and are therefore also susceptible to infection by HIV.
• B-cells, which express (as B cell receptor) and secrete a specific antibody, can internalize the antigen, which bind to its BCR and present it incorporated to MHC II molecule, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens.
• Certain activated epithelial cells

Non-professional

A non-professional APC does not constitutively express the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHC class II) proteins required for interaction with naive T cells; these are expressed only upon stimulation of the non-professional APC by certain cytokines such as IFN-γ. Non-professional APCs include:

• Fibroblasts (skin)
• Thymic epithelial cells
• Thyroid epithelial cells
• Glial cells (brain)
• Pancreatic beta cells
• Vascular endothelial cells

Interaction with T cells

After APCs have phagocytosed pathogens, they usually migrate to the vast networks of lymph vessels and are carried via lymph flow to the draining lymph nodes (this network is collectively known as the Lymphatic system). The lymph nodes become a collection point to which APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs) can interact with T cells. They do this by chemotaxis, which involves interacting with chemokines that are expressed on the surface of cells (e.g., endothelial cells of the high endothelial venules) or have been released as chemical messengers to draw the APCs to the lymph nodes. During the migration, DCs undergo a process of maturation; in essence, they lose most of their ability to further engulf pathogens, and they develop an increased ability to communicate with T cells. Enzymes within the cell digest the swallowed pathogen into smaller pieces containing epitopes, which are then presented to T cells using MHC.

Recent research indicates that only certain epitopes of a pathogen are presented because they are immunodominant, it seems as a function of their binding affinity to the MHC. The stronger binding affinity allows the complex to remain kinetically stable long enough to be recognized by T cells.

External links

• Antigen: protease degradation - PMAP The Proteolysis Map-animation
• Antigen-Presenting+Cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

References

Kindt, TJ & Goldsby, RA, 2007, Kuby immunology, 6th ed, W.H. Freeman, New York, N.Y.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. Antigen-presenting cells
• 2. 適応細胞性免疫応答 the adaptive cellular immune response
• 3. 主要組織適合性複合体（MHC）の構造および機能 major histocompatibility complex mhc structure and function
• 4. 癌免疫療法の原則 principles of cancer immunotherapy
• 5. 自然免疫系の概要 an overview of the innate immune system

English Journal

• Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.

• Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M1.Author information 1Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW16th Ave, Building 1017, Room: V3-149, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. m.zadeh@ufl.edu.AbstractProduction of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody response by mediating the differentiation of B cells into memory or plasma cells after exposure to T cell-dependent antigens. It is now appreciated that local immune responses are also essential for protection against infectious diseases that gain entry to the host by the mucosal route; therefore, targeting the mucosal compartments is the optimum strategy to induce protective immunity. However, because the gastrointestinal mucosae are exposed to large amounts of environmental and dietary antigens on a daily basis, immune regulatory mechanisms exist to favor tolerance and discourage autoimmunity at these sites. Thus, mucosal vaccination strategies must ensure that the immunogen is efficiently taken up by the antigen presenting cells, and that the vaccine is capable of activating humoral and cellular immunity, while avoiding the induction of tolerance. Despite significant progress in mucosal vaccination, this potent platform for immunotherapy and disease prevention must be further explored and refined. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of the role of different phenotypes of B cells in the development of an efficacious mucosal vaccine against infectious disease.
• Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
• Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
• PMID 24372255

• Expression of aberrant HLA-B27 molecules is dependent on B27 dosage and peptide supply.

• McHugh K1, Rysnik O, Kollnberger S, Shaw J, Utriainen L, Al-Mossawi MH, Payeli S, Marroquin O, Milling S, Renner C, Bowness P.Author information 1Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK.AbstractOBJECTIVES: Cellular expression of non-classical forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (NC-B27) may be involved in spondyloarthritis (SpA) pathogenesis. We used a novel B27-specific monoclonal antibody, HD6, to ask if B27 transgenic (TG) rat splenocytes express these NC-B27 molecules. We also investigated whether B27-binding peptides could affect the expression and functional immune recognition of HD6-reactive B27 molecules.
• Annals of the rheumatic diseases.Ann Rheum Dis.2014 Apr 1;73(4):763-70. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203080. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
• OBJECTIVES: Cellular expression of non-classical forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (NC-B27) may be involved in spondyloarthritis (SpA) pathogenesis. We used a novel B27-specific monoclonal antibody, HD6, to ask if B27 transgenic (TG) rat splenocytes express these NC-B27 molecules. We also i
• PMID 23625978

• Combination of sunitinib with anti-tumor vaccination inhibits T cell priming and requires careful scheduling to achieve productive immunotherapy.

• Jaini R1, Rayman P, Cohen PA, Finke JH, Tuohy VK.Author information 1Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.AbstractSunitinib, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is the frontline therapy for renal and gastrointestinal cancers. We hypothesized that by virtue of its well documented tumor apoptosis and immune adjuvant properties, combination of Sunitinib with anti-tumor immunotherapeutics will provide synergistic inhibition of tumor growth. Our study was designed to evaluate the impact of Sunitinib on immunotherapy mediated anti-tumor immune responses and evaluate its efficacy as a combinatorial therapy with tumor targeted immunotherapeutic vaccination. Mice immunized with recombinant α-lactalbumin, a lactation protein expressed on majority of breast tumors were treated with 1 mg of Sunitinib for seven consecutive days beginning (1) concurrently, on the day of α-lactalbumin immunization or (2) sequentially, on day 9 after immunization. Ten-day lymph nodes or 21 day spleens were tested by ELISPOT assays and flow cytometry to evaluate responsiveness to α-lactalbumin immunization in presence of Sunitinib and distribution of cells involved in T cell antigen priming and proliferation in different lymphoid compartments. In addition, therapeutic efficacy of the α-lactalbumin/ Sunitinib combination was evaluated by monitoring tumor growth in the 4T1 transplanted tumor model. Our studies reveal that concurrent administration of Sunitinib with active vaccination against a targeted tumor antigen inhibits priming to the immunogen due to a drastic decrease in CD11b+CD11c+ antigen presenting cells, leading to failure of vaccination. However, sequential delivery of Sunitinib timed to avoid the priming phase of vaccination results in the desired vaccination mediated boost in immune responses.
• International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Apr 1;134(7):1695-705. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28488. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
• Sunitinib, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is the frontline therapy for renal and gastrointestinal cancers. We hypothesized that by virtue of its well documented tumor apoptosis and immune adjuvant properties, combination of Sunitinib with anti-tumor immunotherapeutics will provide synergistic i
• PMID 24105638

Japanese Journal

• Comparing spatial expression dynamics of bovine blastocyst under three different procedures : in-vivo, in-vitro derived, and somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

• Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 63(4), 159-171, 2015-11
• NAID 120005676285

• Anti-TIM-3 Antibody Prevents Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Enhances Dendritic Cell Cancer Therapy

• Showa Univ J Med Sci 27(1), 1-9, 2015-03
• NAID 120005673812

• A KALA-modified lipid nanoparticle containing CpG-free plasmid DNA as a potential DNA vaccine carrier for antigen presentation and as an immune-stimulative adjuvant

• Nucleic acids research 43(3), 1317-1331, 2015-02-19
• NAID 120005613568

Related Links

• Antigen-presenting cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their surfaces . T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors (TCRs).

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗原提示細胞」
関連記事	「cell」

「抗原提示細胞」

　　[★]

英

antigen presenting cell, APC, antigen-presenting cell, antigen-presenting cells, APCs

特徴

• MHC class IIを持ち、Th細胞に抗原提示を行うことができる

抗原提示細胞

• マクロファージ
• 樹状細胞
• ランゲルハンス細胞(表皮、粘膜固有層)
• 間質細胞(非リンパ系組織、肝臓(クッパー細胞)、心臓、中枢神経系(ミクログリア))
• B細胞 (IMM.183)

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞