WordNet

pull back or move away or backward; "The enemy withdrew"; "The limo pulled away from the curb" (同)retreat, pull away, draw back, recede, pull_back, retire, move back
remove (a commodity) from (a supply source); "She drew $2,000 from the account"; "The doctors drew medical supplies from the hospitals emergency bank" (同)draw, take_out, draw_off
the termination of drug taking (同)drug_withdrawal
the act of ceasing to participate in an activity
the act of taking out money or other capital
the act of withdrawing blood, tumors, etc.; "the nurse was expert at the withdrawal of blood"
the act of withdrawing; "the withdrawal of French troops from Vietnam"
a retraction of a previously held position (同)backdown, climb-down
avoiding emotional involvement (同)detachment
any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation
a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent; "alcohol (or drink) ruined him" (同)alcoholic drink, alcoholic_beverage, intoxicant, inebriant
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から)…‘を'『引っ込める』《+名+from+名》 / (…から)…‘の'身を引かせる,‘を'退かせる《+名+from+名》 / (…から)…‘を'引き出す,回収する《+名+from+名》 / 〈申し出・約束など〉‘を'取り消す,撤回する / 『引き下がる』;(…から,…へ)退く《+from(into)+名》 / (…から)身を引く《+from+名(doing)》 / よける,身をかわす / 取り消す,撤回する
引っ込めること,引っ込むこと,退くこと / 引き上げ,回収 / 取り消し,撤回
『アルコール』,酒精 / 『アルコール飲料』,酒
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/28 02:58:21」(JST)

wiki en

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur when an individual reduces or stops alcoholic consumption after long periods of use. Prolonged and excessive use of alcohol leads to tolerance and physical dependence. The withdrawal syndrome is largely a hyper-excitable response of the central nervous system to lack of alcohol. Symptoms typical of withdrawal include agitation, seizures, and delirium tremens.^[1]

Sedative-hypnotics, such as alcohol, are well known for their propensity to induce physiological dependence. This dependence is due to alcohol-induced neuro-adaptation. Withdrawal is characterized by neuropsychiatric excitability and autonomic disturbances. Dependence on other sedative-hypnotics can increase the severity of the withdrawal syndrome.^[2]

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal occur primarily in the central nervous system. The severity of withdrawal can vary from mild symptoms such as sleep disturbances and anxiety to severe and life-threatening symptoms such as delirium, hallucinations, and autonomic instability.

Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after the last drink.^[3] It can last for up to one week.^[4] To be classified as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms: increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient hallucinations (auditory, visual or tactile), psychomotor agitation, anxiety, tonic-clonic seizures, and autonomic instability.^[5]

The severity of symptoms is dictated by a number of factors, the most important of which is degree of alcohol intake, length of time the individual has been using alcohol, and previous history of alcohol withdrawal.^[5] Symptoms are also grouped together and classified:

Alcohol hallucinosis: patients have transient visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations, but are otherwise clear.^[5]
Withdrawal seizures: seizures occur within 48 hours of alcohol cessations and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.^[6]
Delirium tremens: hyperadrenergic state, disorientation, tremors, diaphoresis, impaired attention/consciousness, and visual and auditory hallucinations.^[5] This usually occurs 24 to 72 hours after alcohol cessation. Delirium tremens is the most severe form of withdrawal and occurs in 5 to 20% of patients experiencing detoxification and 1/3 of patients experiencing withdrawal seizures.^[6]

Progression

Typically the severity of the symptoms experienced will depend on the amount and duration of prior alcohol consumption, as well as the number and severity of previous withdrawals. Even the most severe of these symptoms can occur in as little as 2 hours after cessation; therefore, the overall unpredictability necessitates either pre-planned hospitalization, treatment coordinated with a doctor, or at the very least rapid access to medical care; and a supporting system of friends or family should be introduced prior to addressing detoxification. In many cases, however, symptoms follow a reasonably predictable time frame as exampled below:^{[citation needed]}

Six to 12 hours after the ingestion of the last drink, withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, headache, sweating, anxiety, nausea or vomiting occur. Other comparable symptoms may also exist in this period. Twelve to 24 hours after cessation, the condition may progress to such major symptoms as confusion, hallucinations (with awareness of reality), tremor, agitation, and similar ailments.

At 24 to 48 hours following the last ethanol ingestion, the possibility of seizures should be anticipated. Meanwhile, none of the earlier withdrawal symptoms will have abated. Seizures carry the risk of death for the alcoholic.

Although most often, the patient's condition begins to improve past the 48-hour mark, it can sometimes continue to increase in severity to delirium tremens, characterized by hallucinations that are indistinguishable from reality, severe confusion, more seizures, high blood pressure and fever which can persist anywhere from 4 to 12 days.

Protracted withdrawal

A protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurs in many alcoholics where withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage but usually at a subacute level of intensity and gradually decreasing with severity over time. This syndrome is also sometimes referred to as the post acute withdrawal syndrome. Some withdrawal symptoms can linger for at least a year after discontinuation of alcohol. Symptoms can include a craving for alcohol, inability to feel pleasure from normally pleasurable things (also known as anhedonia), clouding of sensorium, disorientation, nausea and vomiting or headache.^[7] Insomnia is also a common protracted withdrawal symptom which persists after the acute withdrawal phase of alcohol. Insomnia has also been found to influence relapse rate. Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat the persisting withdrawal symptom of insomnia in recovering alcoholics. Insomnia can be difficult to treat in alcoholics because many of the traditional sleep aids (e.g. benzodiazepine receptor agonists and barbiturate receptor agonists) work via a GABA_A receptor mechanism and are cross tolerant with alcohol. However, trazodone is not cross tolerant with alcohol.^[8]^[9]^[10] The acute phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can also occasionally be protracted. Protracted delirium tremens has been reported in the medical literature as a possible but unusual feature of alcohol withdrawal.^[11]

Pathophysiology

Chronic use of alcohol leads to changes in brain chemistry especially in the GABAergic system. Various adaptations occur such as changes in gene expression and down regulation of GABA_A receptors. During acute alcohol withdrawal, changes also occur such as upregulation of alpha4 containing GABA_A receptors and down regulation of alpha1 and alpha3 containing GABA_A receptors. Neurochemical changes occurring during alcohol withdrawal can be minimized with drugs which are used for acute detoxification. With abstinence from alcohol and cross tolerant drugs these changes in neurochemistry gradually return towards normal.^[12]^[13] Adaptations to the NMDA system also occur as a result of repeated alcohol intoxication and are involved in the hyper-excitability of the central nervous system during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Homocysteine levels which are elevated during chronic drinking increase even further during the withdrawal state and may result in excito-neurotoxicity. Alterations in ECG, in particular an increase in QT interval, and EEG abnormalities including may occur during early withdrawal.^[14] Dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increased release of corticotropin-releasing hormone occur during both acute as well as protracted abstinence from alcohol and contribute to both acute and protracted withdrawal symptoms. Anhedonia/dysphoria symptoms, which can persist as part of a protracted withdrawal may be due to dopamine underactivity.^[15]

Kindling

Kindling is a phenomenon where repeated alcohol detoxifications leads to an increased severity of the withdrawal syndrome. For example, binge drinkers may initially experience no withdrawal symptoms, but with each period of alcohol use followed by cessation, their withdrawal symptoms intensify in severity and may eventually result in full blown delirium tremens with convulsive seizures. Alcoholics who experience seizures during detoxification are more likely to have had previous episodes of alcohol detoxification than patients who did not have seizures during withdrawal. In addition, patients with previous withdrawal syndromes are more likely to have more medically complicated alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

Kindling can cause complications and may increase the risk of relapse, alcohol-related brain damage and cognitive deficits. Chronic alcohol misuse and kindling via multiple alcohol withdrawals may lead to permanent alterations in the GABA_A receptors.^[16] The mechanism behind kindling is sensitization of some neuronal systems and desensitization of other neuronal systems which leads to increasingly gross neurochemical imbalances. This in turn leads to more profound withdrawal symptoms including anxiety, convulsions and neurotoxicity.^[17]

Binge drinking is associated with increased impulsivity, impairments in spatial working memory and impaired emotional learning. These adverse effects are believed to be due to the neurotoxic effects of repeated withdrawal from alcohol on aberrant neuronal plasticity and cortical damage. Repeated periods of acute intoxication followed by acute detoxification has profound effects on the brain and is associated with an increased risk of seizures as well as cognitive deficits. The effects on the brain are similar to those seen in alcoholics who have been detoxified multiple times but not as severe as in alcoholics who have no history of prior detox. Thus the acute withdrawal syndrome appears to be the most important factor in causing damage or impairment to brain function. The brain regions most sensitive to harm from binge drinking are the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.^[18]

People in adolescence who experience multiple withdrawals from binge drinking show impairments of long-term nonverbal memory. Alcoholics who have had two or more alcohol withdrawals show more frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction than alcoholics who have experienced one or no prior withdrawals. Kindling of neurons is the proposed cause of withdrawal related cognitive damage. Kindling from multiple withdrawals leads to accumulating neuroadaptational changes. Kindling may also be the reason for cognitive damage seen in binge drinkers.^[19]

Diagnosis

Many hospitals use the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA) protocol in order to assess the level of withdrawal present and therefore the amount medication needed.^[5] When overuse of alcohol is suspected but drinking history is unclear, testing for elevated values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and/or gammaglutamyl transferase can help make the diagnosis of alcohol overuse and dependence more clear.

Treatment

Benzodiazepines are effective for the management of symptoms as well as the prevention of seizures.^[20] Certain vitamins are also an important part of the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In those with severe symptoms inpatient care is often required.^[3] In those with lesser symptoms treatment at home may be possible with daily visits with a health care provider.^[3]

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are generally safe and effective in suppressing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.^[21] This class of medications are generally effective in symptoms control, but need to be used carefully. Although benzodiazepines have a long history of successfully treating and preventing withdrawal, there is no consensus on the ideal one to use. The most commonly used agents are long-acting benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. These are believed to be superior to other benzodiazepines for treatment of delirium and allow for longer periods between dosing. However, benzodiazepines with intermediate half-lives like lorazepam may be safer in people with liver problems.^[4]

The primary debate between use of long-acting benzodiazepines and short-acting is that of ease of use. Longer-acting drugs, such as diazepam, can be dosed less frequently. However, evidence does exist that "symptom-triggered regimens" such as those used when treating with lorazepam, are as safe and effective, but have decreased treatment durations and medication quantity used.^[4]

Although benzodiazepines are very effective at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for brief periods in alcoholics who are not already dependent on them, as they share cross tolerance with alcohol. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Furthermore, disrupted GABA benzodiazepine receptor function is part of alcohol dependence and chronic benzodiazepines may prevent full recovery from alcohol induced mental effects.^[22]^[23] The combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol can amplify the adverse psychological effects of each other causing enhanced depressive effects on mood and increase suicidal actions and are generally contraindicated except for alcohol withdrawal.^[24]

Vitamins

The prophylactic administration of thiamine, folate and pyridoxine intravenously is recommended before starting any carbohydrate containing fluids or food. Alcoholics are often deficient in various nutrients which can cause severe complications during alcohol withdrawal such as the development of Wernicke syndrome. The vitamins of most importance in alcohol withdrawal are thiamine and folic acid. To help to prevent Wernicke syndrome alcoholics should be administered a multivitamin preparation with sufficient quantities of thiamine and folic acid. Vitamins should always be administered before any glucose is administered otherwise Wernicke syndrome can be precipitated.^[25] These vitamins are often combined into banana bag which is given intravenously to patients.

Anticonvulsants

Some evidence indicates that topiramate^[14] carbamazepine and other anticonvulsants are effective in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal however, research is limited.^[14]^[26] A Cochrane review similarly reported that the evidence to support the role of anticonvulsants over benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal is not significant and noted weaknesses in the studies available. The Cochrane review did note however, that paraldehyde combined with chloral hydrate showed superiority over chlordiazepoxide with regard to life-threatening side effects and also noted that carbamazapine may have advantages for certain symptoms.^[27]

Other

Clonidine may be used in combination with benzodiazepines to help some of the symptoms.^[5] There is insufficient evidence to support the use of baclofen for AWS.^[28]

Antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, are sometimes in addition to benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis.^[5] Antipsychotics may potentially worsen alcohol withdrawal as they lower the seizure threshold. Clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines(e.g. chlorpromazine) are particularly risky; if used, extreme caution is required.^[29]

While intravenous ethanol could theoretically be used, evidence to support this use, at least in those who are very sick is insufficient.^[30]

Prognosis

Failure to manage the alcohol withdrawal syndrome appropriately can lead to permanent brain damage or death.^[31] It has been proposed that brain damage due to alcohol withdrawal may be prevented by the administration of NMDA antagonists, calcium antagonists, and glucocorticoid antagonists.^[32] The NMDA antagonist acamprosate reduces excessive glutamate rebound thereby suppressing excitotoxicity and potential withdrawal-related neurotoxicity.^[33]

Substances impairing recovery

Continued use of benzodiazepines may impair recovery from psychomotor and cognitive impairments from alcohol.^[34] Cigarette smoking may slow down or interfere with recovery of brain pathways in recovering alcoholics.^[35]

References

^ Hughes JR (February 2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures". Epilepsy Behav 15 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037. PMID 19249388.
^ Dart, Richard C. (1 December 2003). Medical Toxicology (3rd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Muncie HL, Jr; Yasinian, Y; Oge', L (Nov 1, 2013). "Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.". American family physician 88 (9): 589–95. PMID 24364635.
^ ^a ^b ^c McKeon, A; Frye, MA; Delanty, N (August 2008). "The alcohol withdrawal syndrome.". Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 79 (8): 854–62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322. PMID 17986499.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, Woodside J (March 2004). "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome". Am Fam Physician 69 (6): 1443–50. PMID 15053409. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ ^a ^b Manasco, A; Chang, S; Larriviere, J; Hamm, LL; Glass, M (November 2012). "Alcohol withdrawal.". Southern Medical Journal 105 (11): 607–12. doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e31826efb2d. PMID 23128805.
^ Martinotti G; Nicola MD; Reina D; Andreoli S; Focà F; Cunniff A; Tonioni F; Bria P; Janiri L (2008). "Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia". Subst Use Misuse 43 (3–4): 271–84. doi:10.1080/10826080701202429. PMID 18365930.
^ Hornyak M; Haas P; Veit J; Gann H; Riemann D (November 2004). "Magnesium treatment of primary alcohol-dependent patients during subacute withdrawal: an open pilot study with polysomnography". Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 (11): 1702–9. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000145695.52747.BE. PMID 15547457.
^ Le Bon O; Murphy JR; Staner L; Hoffmann G; Kormoss N; Kentos M; Dupont P; Lion K; Pelc I; Verbanck P (August 2003). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations". J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 (4): 377–83. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3. PMID 12920414.
^ Borras L; de Timary P; Constant EL; Huguelet P; Eytan A (November 2006). "Successful treatment of alcohol withdrawal with trazodone". Pharmacopsychiatry 39 (6): 232. doi:10.1055/s-2006-951385. PMID 17124647.
^ Miller FT (Mar–April 1994). "Protracted alcohol withdrawal delirium". J Subst Abuse Treat 11 (2): 127–30. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90029-9. PMID 8040915. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Sanna, E; Mostallino, Mc; Busonero, F; Talani, G; Tranquilli, S; Mameli, M; Spiga, S; Follesa, P; Biggio, G (December 17, 2003). "Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal". Journal of Neuroscience 23 (37): 11711–24. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 14684873. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin". Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 115–22. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6. PMID 2742726.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hughes, JR. (Jun 2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures". Epilepsy Behav 15 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037. PMID 19249388.
^ Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC (April 2010). "Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?". Addict Biol 15 (2): 169–84. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00194.x. PMC 3268458. PMID 20148778.
^ Malcolm RJ (2003). "GABA systems, benzodiazepines, and substance dependence". J Clin Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 3: 36–40. PMID 12662132.
^ Howard C. Becker (1998). "Kindling in Alcohol Withdrawal" (PDF). Alcohol Health & Research World (NIAAA) 22 (1). Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ Stephens, DN.; Duka, T. (Oct 2008). "Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363 (1507): 3169–79. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097. PMC 2607328. PMID 18640918.
^ Courtney, KE; Polich, J (Jan 2009). "Binge Drinking in Young Adults: Data, Definitions, and Determinants". Psychol Bull 135 (1): 142–56. doi:10.1037/a0014414. PMC 2748736. PMID 19210057.
^ Amato L, Minozzi S, Vecchi S, Davoli M (2010). Amato, Laura, ed. "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (3): CD005063. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005063.pub3. PMID 20238336.
^ Bird, RD; Makela, EH (January 1994). "Alcohol withdrawal: what is the benzodiazepine of choice?". The Annals of pharmacotherapy 28 (1): 67–71. PMID 8123967.
^ Toki S, Saito T, Nabeshima A, Hatta S, Watanabe M, Takahata N (February 1996). "Changes in GABAA receptor function and cross-tolerance to ethanol in diazepam-dependent rats". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20 (1 Suppl): 40A–44A. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01726.x. PMID 8659687.
^ Rassnick S, Krechman J, Koob GF (April 1993). "Chronic ethanol produces a decreased sensitivity to the response-disruptive effects of GABA receptor complex antagonists". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 44 (4): 943–50. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90029-S. PMID 8385785.
^ Ziegler PP (August 2007). "Alcohol use and anxiety". Am J Psychiatry 164 (8): 1270; author reply 1270–1. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020291. PMID 17671296. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ Hugh Myrick; Raymond F Anton (1998). "Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal" (PDF). Alcohol Health & Research World (niaaa) 22 (1). Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ Prince V; Turpin KR (June 1, 2008). "Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with carbamazepine, gabapentin, and nitrous oxide". Am J Health Syst Pharm 65 (11): 1039–47. doi:10.2146/ajhp070284. PMID 18499876.
^ Minozzi, S.; Amato, L.; Vecchi, S.; Davoli, M.; Minozzi, Silvia (2010). Minozzi, Silvia, ed. "Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (3): CD005064. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005064.pub3. PMID 20238337. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.
^ Liu, J; Wang, LN (Feb 28, 2013). "Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2: CD008502. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub3. PMID 23450582.
^ Ebadi, Manuchair (23 October 2007). "Alphabetical presentation of drugs". Desk Reference for Clinical Pharmacology (2nd ed.). USA: CRC Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1.
^ Hodges, B; Mazur, JE (November 2004). "Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients.". Pharmacotherapy 24 (11): 1578–85. doi:10.1592/phco.24.16.1578.50945. PMID 15537562.
^ Hanwella R, de Silva V (June 2009). "Treatment of alcohol dependence". Ceylon Med J 54 (2): 63–5. doi:10.4038/cmj.v54i2.877. PMID 19670554.
^ Hunt, WA. (November–December 1993). "Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage?". Alcohol 10 (6): 559–61. doi:10.1016/0741-8329(93)90083-Z. PMID 8123218.
^ De Witte P, Littleton J, Parot P, Koob G (2005). "Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action". CNS Drugs 19 (6): 517–37. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519060-00004. PMID 15963001.
^ Gitlow, Stuart (1 October 2006). Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-7817-6998-3.
^ Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ (2007). "Neurobiological and neurocognitive effects of chronic cigarette smoking and alcoholism". Front. Biosci. 12 (8–12): 4079–100. doi:10.2741/2373. PMID 17485360. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 中等度および重度のアルコール離脱症候群のマネージメント management of moderate and severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes
2. 外来における医師監督下のアルコール離脱症状の治療 medically supervised alcohol withdrawal in the ambulatory setting
3. 麻酔後回復室（PACU）における心血管の障害 cardiovascular problems in the post anesthesia care unit pacu
4. 周術期におけるアルコールの有害な使用の同定およびマネージメント identification and management of unhealthy alcohol use in the perioperative period
5. 幻視患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with visual hallucinations

English Journal

Are Alcohol Anti-relapsing and Alcohol Withdrawal Drugs Useful in Cannabinoid Users?

Kleczkowska P1, Smaga I2, Filip M3, Bujalska-Zadrozny M4.
Neurotoxicity research.Neurotox Res.2016 Nov;30(4):698-714. Epub 2016 Aug 2.
Cannabinoids are still classified as illegal psychoactive drugs despite their broad and increasingly acknowledged therapeutic potential. These substances are most famous for their wide recreational use, particularly among young adults to either alter the state of consciousness, intensify pleasure in
PMID 27484692

Evaluation of a Symptom-Triggered Benzodiazepine Protocol Utilizing SAS and CIWA-Ar Scoring for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the Critically Ill.

Sen S1, Grgurich P2, Tulolo A3, Smith-Freedman A4, Lei Y5, Gray A6, Dargin J6.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy.Ann Pharmacother.2016 Oct 12. pii: 1060028016672036. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the efficacy of symptom-triggered therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in the intensive care unit (ICU).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a symptom-triggered benzodiazepine protocol utilizing Riker Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS) scoring
PMID 27733668

Diet and Headache: Part 1.

Martin VT1, Vij B2.
Headache.Headache.2016 Oct;56(9):1543-1552. doi: 10.1111/head.12953.
BACKGROUND: The role of diet in the management of the headache patient is a controversial topic in the headache field.OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence supporting the hypothesis that specific foods or ingredients within foods and beverages trigger attacks of headache and/or migraine and to discuss
PMID 27699780

Japanese Journal

Use of dexmedetomidine for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients : a retrospective case series

DEMURO Jonas P.,BOTROS David G.,WIRKOWSKI Ela,HANNA Adel F.
Journal of anesthesia 26(4), 601-605, 2012-08-20
NAID 10031070544

アルコール依存症の離脱メカニズム

芝崎真裕,水野晃治,大熊誠太郎
日本アルコール・薬物医学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of alcohol
NAID 10029806900

アルコール・薬物依存 (特集精神科後期研修で何を学ぶか?)

遠山朋海,樋口進
精神科 16(4), 305-310, 2010-04
NAID 40017095805

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アルコール離脱症候群」「アルコール離脱」
関連記事	「withdraw」「withdrawal」「alcohol」「syndrome」

「アルコール離脱症候群」

Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
	Ethanol
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F10.23, F10.23(0-9)
ICD-9	291.81
DiseasesDB	3543
MedlinePlus	000764

　　[★]

英: alcohol withdrawal syndrome
同: アルコール離脱症状群
関: 離脱症候群

長期間にわたる飲酒(ex. アルコール依存症)の突然の断酒により発症する症状
早期症候群：小離脱：アルコール離脱後7時間ころより始まり20時間頃にピーク。不快感情(イライラ感、不安、抑うつ気分)、自律神経症状(心悸亢進、発汗、体温変化)、手指・眼瞼・体幹の振戦、一過性の幻覚、痙攣発作。
後期症候群：大離脱：前駆症状として不穏、過敏、不眠、食欲低下、振戦などの先駆症状が出現し、離脱後72～96時間後に振戦譫妄(粗大な振戦、精神運動亢進、幻覚(幻視、幻触)、意識変容、自律神経機能亢進)が出現する。

「アルコール離脱」

　　[★]

英: alcohol withdrawal
関: アルコール離脱症候群

[show details]

アルコール離脱 : 約 15,800 件
アルコール離脱症候群 : 約 3,980 件

alcohol withdrawal syndrome : 約 247,000 件
alcohol withdrawal : 約 1,540,000 件

「withdraw」

　　[★]

v.

(p.)withdrew-(pp.)withdrawn

取り除く、退く、退かせる、撤回する、取り下げる、(治療を)中止する、休薬する

関: abort、deprive、discontinuance、discontinuation、discontinue、drug withdrawal、free、obviate、omit、pause、recede、remove、stop、strip、suspend、withdrawal

「withdrawal」

　　[★]

n.

退薬、休薬、(治療の)中止、撤回、離脱、禁断

関: abort, abstinence, discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinue, disengage, drug withdrawal, pause, stop, suspend, withdraw

「alcohol」

　　[★] アルコール

関: ethanol

「syndrome」

　　[★]

n.

症候群

[Alcohol_withdrawal_seizures-1] Hughes JR (February 2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures". Epilepsy Behav 15 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037. PMID 19249388.

[Medical_Toxicology-2] Dart, Richard C. (1 December 2003). Medical Toxicology (3rd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.

[Mun2013-3] Muncie HL, Jr; Yasinian, Y; Oge', L (Nov 1, 2013). "Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.". American family physician 88 (9): 589–95. PMID 24364635.

[Mc2008-4] McKeon, A; Frye, MA; Delanty, N (August 2008). "The alcohol withdrawal syndrome.". Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 79 (8): 854–62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322. PMID 17986499.

[aws-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, Woodside J (March 2004). "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome". Am Fam Physician 69 (6): 1443–50. PMID 15053409. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[Manasco-6] Manasco, A; Chang, S; Larriviere, J; Hamm, LL; Glass, M (November 2012). "Alcohol withdrawal.". Southern Medical Journal 105 (11): 607–12. doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e31826efb2d. PMID 23128805.

[Alcohol_protracted_withdrawal_syndrome:_the_role_of_anhedonia-7] Martinotti G; Nicola MD; Reina D; Andreoli S; Focà F; Cunniff A; Tonioni F; Bria P; Janiri L (2008). "Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia". Subst Use Misuse 43 (3–4): 271–84. doi:10.1080/10826080701202429. PMID 18365930.

[Magnesium_treatment_of_primary_alcohol-dependent_patients_during_subacute_withdrawal:_an_open_pilot_study_with_polysomnography-8] Hornyak M; Haas P; Veit J; Gann H; Riemann D (November 2004). "Magnesium treatment of primary alcohol-dependent patients during subacute withdrawal: an open pilot study with polysomnography". Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 (11): 1702–9. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000145695.52747.BE. PMID 15547457.

[dpsoteotiaps-9] Le Bon O; Murphy JR; Staner L; Hoffmann G; Kormoss N; Kentos M; Dupont P; Lion K; Pelc I; Verbanck P (August 2003). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations". J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 (4): 377–83. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3. PMID 12920414.

[stoawwt-10] Borras L; de Timary P; Constant EL; Huguelet P; Eytan A (November 2006). "Successful treatment of alcohol withdrawal with trazodone". Pharmacopsychiatry 39 (6): 232. doi:10.1055/s-2006-951385. PMID 17124647.

[Protracted_alcohol_withdrawal_delirium-11] Miller FT (Mar–April 1994). "Protracted alcohol withdrawal delirium". J Subst Abuse Treat 11 (2): 127–30. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90029-9. PMID 8040915. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Changes_in_GABA.28A.29_receptor_gene_expression_associated_with_selective_alterations_in_receptor_function_and_pharmacology_after_ethanol_withdrawal-12] Sanna, E; Mostallino, Mc; Busonero, F; Talani, G; Tranquilli, S; Mameli, M; Spiga, S; Follesa, P; Biggio, G (December 17, 2003). "Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal". Journal of Neuroscience 23 (37): 11711–24. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 14684873. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[The_pentylenetetrazol-like_interoceptive_stimulus_produced_by_ethanol_withdrawal_is_potentiated_by_bicuculline_and_picrotoxinin-13] Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin". Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 115–22. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6. PMID 2742726.

[Hughes-2009-14] Hughes, JR. (Jun 2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures". Epilepsy Behav 15 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037. PMID 19249388.

[pmid20148778-15] Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC (April 2010). "Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?". Addict Biol 15 (2): 169–84. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00194.x. PMC 3268458. PMID 20148778.

[GABA_systems.2C_benzodiazepines.2C_and_substance_dependence-16] Malcolm RJ (2003). "GABA systems, benzodiazepines, and substance dependence". J Clin Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 3: 36–40. PMID 12662132.

[autogenerated1-17] Howard C. Becker (1998). "Kindling in Alcohol Withdrawal" (PDF). Alcohol Health & Research World (NIAAA) 22 (1). Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[Stephens-2008-18] Stephens, DN.; Duka, T. (Oct 2008). "Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363 (1507): 3169–79. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097. PMC 2607328. PMID 18640918.

[Courtney-2009-19] Courtney, KE; Polich, J (Jan 2009). "Binge Drinking in Young Adults: Data, Definitions, and Determinants". Psychol Bull 135 (1): 142–56. doi:10.1037/a0014414. PMC 2748736. PMID 19210057.

[Benzodiazepines_for_alcohol_withdrawal-20] Amato L, Minozzi S, Vecchi S, Davoli M (2010). Amato, Laura, ed. "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (3): CD005063. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005063.pub3. PMID 20238336.

[21] Bird, RD; Makela, EH (January 1994). "Alcohol withdrawal: what is the benzodiazepine of choice?". The Annals of pharmacotherapy 28 (1): 67–71. PMID 8123967.

[Changes_in_GABAA_receptor_function_and_cross-tolerance_to_ethanol_in_diazepam-dependent_rats-22] Toki S, Saito T, Nabeshima A, Hatta S, Watanabe M, Takahata N (February 1996). "Changes in GABAA receptor function and cross-tolerance to ethanol in diazepam-dependent rats". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20 (1 Suppl): 40A–44A. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01726.x. PMID 8659687.

[Chronic_ethanol_produces_a_decreased_sensitivity_to_the_response-disruptive_effects_of_GABA_receptor_complex_antagonists-23] Rassnick S, Krechman J, Koob GF (April 1993). "Chronic ethanol produces a decreased sensitivity to the response-disruptive effects of GABA receptor complex antagonists". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 44 (4): 943–50. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90029-S. PMID 8385785.

[Alcohol_use_and_anxiety-24] Ziegler PP (August 2007). "Alcohol use and anxiety". Am J Psychiatry 164 (8): 1270; author reply 1270–1. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020291. PMID 17671296. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[Treatment_of_Alcohol_Withdrawal-25] Hugh Myrick; Raymond F Anton (1998). "Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal" (PDF). Alcohol Health & Research World (niaaa) 22 (1). Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[Treatment_of_alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome_with_carbamazepine.2C_gabapentin.2C_and_nitrous_oxide-26] Prince V; Turpin KR (June 1, 2008). "Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with carbamazepine, gabapentin, and nitrous oxide". Am J Health Syst Pharm 65 (11): 1039–47. doi:10.2146/ajhp070284. PMID 18499876.

[Minozzi-2010-27] Minozzi, S.; Amato, L.; Vecchi, S.; Davoli, M.; Minozzi, Silvia (2010). Minozzi, Silvia, ed. "Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (3): CD005064. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005064.pub3. PMID 20238337. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

[28] Liu, J; Wang, LN (Feb 28, 2013). "Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2: CD008502. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub3. PMID 23450582.

[Desk_Reference_for_Clinical_Pharmacology-29] Ebadi, Manuchair (23 October 2007). "Alphabetical presentation of drugs". Desk Reference for Clinical Pharmacology (2nd ed.). USA: CRC Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1.

[30] Hodges, B; Mazur, JE (November 2004). "Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients.". Pharmacotherapy 24 (11): 1578–85. doi:10.1592/phco.24.16.1578.50945. PMID 15537562.

[pmid19670554-31] Hanwella R, de Silva V (June 2009). "Treatment of alcohol dependence". Ceylon Med J 54 (2): 63–5. doi:10.4038/cmj.v54i2.877. PMID 19670554.

[Hunt--32] Hunt, WA. (November–December 1993). "Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage?". Alcohol 10 (6): 559–61. doi:10.1016/0741-8329(93)90083-Z. PMID 8123218.

[pmid15963001-33] De Witte P, Littleton J, Parot P, Koob G (2005). "Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action". CNS Drugs 19 (6): 517–37. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519060-00004. PMID 15963001.

[Substance_Use_Disorders:_A_Practical_Guide-34] Gitlow, Stuart (1 October 2006). Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-7817-6998-3.

[Neurobiological_and_neurocognitive_effects_of_chronic_cigarette_smoking_and_alcoholism-35] Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ (2007). "Neurobiological and neurocognitive effects of chronic cigarette smoking and alcoholism". Front. Biosci. 12 (8–12): 4079–100. doi:10.2741/2373. PMID 17485360. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

alcohol withdrawal syndrome