accelerate

• v.

• 促進する、加速する、速める

関

acceleration、expedite、facilitate、facilitation、further、hasten、promote、promotion

　 　 　

WordNet

1. cause to move faster; "He accelerated the car" (同)speed, speed up
2. move faster; "The car accelerated" (同)speed up, speed, quicken
3. in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already"
4. more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations" (同)farther
5. to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further is used more often than `farther in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about the future"; "lets not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies" (同)farther
6. change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent
7. contribute to the progress or growth of; "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom" (同)advance, boost, further, encourage
8. give a promotion to or assign to a higher position; "John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired"; "Women tend not to advance in the major law firms"; "I got promoted after many years of hard work" (同)upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate
9. be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
10. (neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
11. the condition of being made easy (or easier); "social facilitation is an adaptive condition"
12. act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something
13. act of raising in rank or position
14. encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something (同)furtherance, advancement
15. a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution; "the packaging of new ideas" (同)publicity, promotional material, packaging
16. the act of accelerating; increasing the speed (同)quickening, speedup
17. an increase in rate of change; "modern science caused an acceleration of cultural change"
18. (physics) a rate of increase of velocity
19. speeded up, as of an academic course; "in an accelerated program in school"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …‘の'速度を速める,加速する / 〈ある状態〉'を'早く起こさせる / 速くなる,速度を増す
2. (距離が)『もっと遠い』,さらに先の / (時間・数量・程度などが)『もっと進んだ』,それ以上の / (距離が)『さらに遠く』,もっと先に / (時間・数量・程度などが)『もっと進んで』,なおその上に / 『その上』,さらにまた(besides) / …‘を'進める,助長する,促進する(promote)
3. …‘を'『助長する』,促進する,増進する / (…に)…‘を'『昇進させる』,進級させる《+『名+to+名』》 / 〈議案など〉‘を'通過するように努力する / 〈会社・事業〉‘を'発起する;〈興業〉‘を'主催する / 〈商品など〉‘の'販売促進をする
4. (…を)容易にすること,促進させること《+『of』+『名』》
5. 〈U〉〈C〉『昇進』,進級 / 〈U〉(…を)押し進めること,(…の)促進,増進,奨励《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉宣伝商品,促進商品
6. 加速 / 加速度

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/14 14:23:04」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Accelerate" redirects here. For other uses, see Accelerate (disambiguation).

Classical mechanics
History of classical mechanics Timeline of classical mechanics
Branches Statics · Dynamics / Kinetics · Kinematics · Applied mechanics · Celestial mechanics · Continuum mechanics · Statistical mechanics
Formulations Newtonian mechanics (Vectorial mechanics) Analytical mechanics: Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics
Fundamental concepts Space · Time · Mass · Inertia · Velocity · Speed · Acceleration · Gravity · Force · Momentum · Impulse · Torque / Moment / Couple · Angular momentum · Moment of inertia · Reference frame · Energy · Kinetic energy · Potential energy · Mechanical work · Mechanical power · Virtual work · D'Alembert's principle
Core topics Rigid body · Rigid body dynamics · Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) · Motion · Linear motion · Newton's laws of motion · Newton's law of universal gravitation · Euler's laws of motion · Equations of motion · Inertial frame of reference · Non-inertial reference frame · Fictitious force · Mechanics of planar particle motion · Displacement (vector) · Relative velocity · Friction · Simple harmonic motion · Harmonic oscillator · Vibration · Damping · Damping ratio Rotational motion Circular motion · Uniform circular motion · Non-uniform circular motion · Rotating reference frame · Centripetal force · Centrifugal force · Centrifugal force (rotating reference frame) · Reactive centrifugal force · Coriolis force · Pendulum · Tangential speed · Rotational speed · Angular acceleration · Angular velocity · Angular frequency · Angular displacement
Scientists Galileo · Newton · Horrocks · Euler · d'Alembert · Clairaut · Lagrange · Laplace · Hamilton · Poisson

In physics, acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of something changes with time. In general, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities, with magnitude and direction, though in many cases only magnitude is considered (sometimes with negative values for deceleration). Acceleration is accompanied by a force, as described by Newton's Second Law; the force, as a vector, is the product of the mass of the object being accelerated and the acceleration (vector).

For example, an object such as a car that starts from standstill, then travels in a straight line at increasing speed, is accelerating in the direction of travel. If the car changes direction at constant speedometer reading, there is strictly speaking an acceleration although it is often not so described; passengers in the car will experience a force pushing them back into their seats in linear acceleration, and a sideways force on changing direction. If the speed of the car decreases, it is usual and meaningful to speak of deceleration; mathematically it is acceleration in the opposite direction to that of motion.

Definition and properties

Mathematically, instantaneous acceleration—acceleration over an infinitesimal interval of time—is the change in velocity $d\mathbf{v}$ divided by the duration of the interval :

i.e. the derivative of the velocity vector as a function of time.

(Here and elsewhere, if motion is in a straight line, vector quantities can be subsituted by scalars in the equations.)

Mean acceleration over a period if time is the change in velocity divided by the duration of the period

Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e., L T ⁻². The SI unit of acceleration is the meter per second squared (m/s²); this can be called more meaningfully "meter per second per second", as the velocity in meters per second changes by the acceleration value, every second.

An object moving in a circular motion—such as a satellite orbiting the earth—is accelerating due to the change of direction of motion, although the magnitude (speed) may be constant. When an object is executing such a motion where it changes direction, but not speed, it is said to be undergoing centripetal (directed towards the center) acceleration. Oppositely, a change in the speed of an object, but not its direction of motion, is a tangential acceleration.

Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called an accelerometer.

In classical mechanics, for a body with constant mass, the (vector) acceleration of the body is proportional to the net force vector acting on it (Newton's second law):

where F is the resultant force acting on the body, m is the mass of the body, and a is its acceleration. As speeds approach that of light in a vacuum, relativistic effects become increasingly large and acceleration becomes less.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. At any point on a trajectory, the magnitude of the acceleration is given by the rate of change of velocity in both magnitude and direction at that point. The true acceleration at time t is found in the limit as time interval Δt → 0.

Components of acceleration for a planar curved motion. The tangential component a_t is due to the change in speed of traversal, and points along the curve in the direction of the velocity vector. The centripetal component a_c is due to the change in direction of the velocity vector and is normal to the trajectory, pointing toward the center of curvature of the path.

Tangential and centripetal acceleration

See also: Local coordinates

The velocity of a particle moving on a curved path as a function of time can be written as:

with v(t) equal to the speed of travel along the path, and

a unit vector tangent to the path pointing in the direction of motion at the chosen moment in time. Taking into account both the changing speed v(t) and the changing direction of u_t, the acceleration of a particle moving on a curved path on a planar surface can be written using the chain rule of differentiation and the derivative of the product of two functions of time as:

$\begin{alignat}{3} \mathbf{a} & = \frac{d \mathbf{v}}{dt} \\ & = \frac{\mathrm{d}v }{\mathrm{d}t} \mathbf{u}_\mathrm{t} +v(t)\frac{d \mathbf{u}_\mathrm{t}}{dt} \\ & = \frac{\mathrm{d}v }{\mathrm{d}t} \mathbf{u}_\mathrm{t}+ \frac{v^2}{R}\mathbf{u}_\mathrm{n}\ , \\ \end{alignat}$

where u_n is the unit (inward) normal vector to the particle's trajectory, and R is its instantaneous radius of curvature based upon the osculating circle at time t. These components are called the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration or centripetal acceleration (see also circular motion and centripetal force).

Extension of this approach to three-dimensional space curves that cannot be contained on a planar surface leads to the Frenet–Serret formulas.

Special cases

Uniform acceleration

Uniform or constant acceleration is a type of motion in which the velocity of an object changes by an equal amount in every equal time period.

A frequently cited example of uniform acceleration is that of an object in free fall in a uniform gravitational field. The acceleration of a falling body in the absence of resistances to motion is dependent only on the gravitational field strength g (also called acceleration due to gravity). By Newton's Second Law the force, F, acting on a body is given by:

Due to the simple algebraic properties of constant acceleration in the one-dimensional case (that is, the case of acceleration aligned with the initial velocity), there are simple formulas that relate the following quantities: displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time:

where

= displacement

= initial velocity

= final velocity

= uniform acceleration

= time.

In the case of uniform acceleration of an object that is initially moving in a direction not aligned with the acceleration, the motion can be resolved into two orthogonal parts, one of constant velocity and the other according to the above equations. As Galileo showed, the net result is parabolic motion, as in the trajectory of a cannonball, neglecting air resistance.

Circular motion

Uniform circular motion is an example of a body experiencing acceleration resulting in velocity of a constant magnitude but change of direction. In this case, because the direction of the object's motion is constantly changing, being tangential to the circle, the object's velocity also changes, but its speed does not. This acceleration is directed toward the centre of the circle and takes the value:

where v is the object's speed. Equivalently, the radial acceleration may be calculated from the object's angular velocity , whence:

The acceleration, hence also the force acting on a body in uniform circular motion, is directed toward the center of the circle; that is, it is centripetal – the so called 'centrifugal force' appearing to act outward on a body is really a pseudo force experienced in the frame of reference of the body in circular motion, due to the body's linear momentum at a tangent to the circle.

Relation to relativity

Special relativity

Main article: Special relativity

The special theory of relativity describes the behaviour of objects travelling relative to other objects at speeds approaching that of light in a vacuum. Newtonian mechanics is exactly revealed to be an approximation to reality, valid to great accuracy at lower speeds. Acceleration no longer follows classical equations.

As speeds approach that of light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it.

General relativity

Main article: General relativity

Unless the state of motion of an object is known, it is totally impossible to distinguish whether an observed force is due to gravity or to acceleration—gravity and inertial acceleration have identical effects. Albert Einstein called this the principle of equivalence, and said that only observers who feel no force at all - including the force of gravity - are justified in concluding that they are not accelerating.

See also

• Angular acceleration
• Gravitational acceleration
• Kinematics
• Equations of motion
• Proper acceleration
• 0 to 60 mph (0 to 100 km/h)
• Shock (mechanics)
• Shock and vibration data logger measuring 3-axis acceleration
• Specific force

References

External links

• Acceleration Calculator Simple acceleration unit converter
• Measurespeed.com - Acceleration Calculator Based on starting & ending speed and time elapsed.

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「further」「促進」「facilitation」「facilitate」「acceleration」
拡張検索	「accelerated starvation」
関連記事	「accelerated」「accelerating」

「further」

　　[★]

• adv.

• さらに遠く、もっと先に、いっそうはるかに。さらに、いっそう
• さらにまた、おまけに

• adj.

• もっと遠い/先の。そのうえの、なお一層の。後続の

• vt.

• (事業・運動などを)進める、助成/促進する

関

accelerate、acceleration、additively、again、expedite、facilitate、facilitation、furthermore、hasten、moreover、promote、promotion

　 　 　 　

「促進」

　　[★]

英

facilitation、promotion、acceleration、facilitate、promote、accelerate、hasten、expedite、further

関

急ぐ、加速、亢進、昇位、促通、さらに、加速度、速める、それ以上、昇進

「facilitation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 促進、亢進、(シナプス応答の)促通

関

accelerate、acceleration、enhance、enhancement、expedite、facilitate、further、hasten、promote、promotion

　 　 　 　

「facilitate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 促進する、亢進する、促通する

関

accelerate、acceleration、enhance、enhancement、expedite、facilitation、further、hasten、promote、promotion

　 　 　

「acceleration」

　　[★]

• n.

• 加速、促進、加速度

関

accelerate、expedite、facilitate、facilitation、further、hasten、promote、promotion

同

一過性頻脈

　 　 　 　

「accelerated starvation」

　　[★]

関

妊娠、糖尿病

• 妊婦で見られやすい糖・脂質代謝異常。妊娠時には胎盤を介して胎児にあらゆる栄養が供給されるが、インスリンやグルカゴンは胎盤を通過することができない。胎児のエネルギー供給はもっぱら母胎からのブドウ糖に依存しているため、母胎は脂肪酸をエネルギー源としている。そのため、胎児が大きくなるに連れてエネルギー源は脂肪酸代謝に依存することになるため、accelerated starvationとよばれるようなケトーシスに陥りやすい。

「accelerated」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 促進的な、加速度的な

関

accelerating、acceleratingly、acceleratory、facilitatory、promotional

　

「accelerating」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 加速度的な、促進的な

関

accelerated、acceleratingly、acceleratory、facilitatory、promotional