v.

促進する

関: accelerate、acceleration、facilitate、facilitation、further、hasten、promote、promotion

WordNet

process fast and efficiently; "I will try to expedite the matter"
speed up the progress of; facilitate; "This should expedite the process" (同)hasten
in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already"
more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations" (同)farther
to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further is used more often than `farther in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about the future"; "lets not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies" (同)farther
change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent
contribute to the progress or growth of; "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom" (同)advance, boost, further, encourage
give a promotion to or assign to a higher position; "John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired"; "Women tend not to advance in the major law firms"; "I got promoted after many years of hard work" (同)upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate
be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
(neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
the condition of being made easy (or easier); "social facilitation is an adaptive condition"
act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something
act of raising in rank or position
encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something (同)furtherance, advancement
a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution; "the packaging of new ideas" (同)publicity, promotional material, packaging
the act of accelerating; increasing the speed (同)quickening, speedup
an increase in rate of change; "modern science caused an acceleration of cultural change"
(physics) a rate of increase of velocity

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈物事〉‘の'進行を早める,促進する / 〈仕事など〉‘を'手早くかたづける,てきぱきと処理する
(距離が)『もっと遠い』,さらに先の / (時間・数量・程度などが)『もっと進んだ』,それ以上の / (距離が)『さらに遠く』,もっと先に / (時間・数量・程度などが)『もっと進んで』,なおその上に / 『その上』,さらにまた(besides) / …‘を'進める,助長する,促進する(promote)
…‘を'『助長する』,促進する,増進する / (…に)…‘を'『昇進させる』,進級させる《+『名+to+名』》 / 〈議案など〉‘を'通過するように努力する / 〈会社・事業〉‘を'発起する;〈興業〉‘を'主催する / 〈商品など〉‘の'販売促進をする
(…を)容易にすること,促進させること《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉『昇進』,進級 / 〈U〉(…を)押し進めること,(…の)促進,増進,奨励《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉宣伝商品,促進商品
加速 / 加速度

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/21 22:48:10」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Expeditus is said to have been a Roman centurion in Armenia who was martyred around April, 303, for converting to Christianity. He is commemorated on April 19.

Hagiography

Expeditus was probably born in Armenia. He was a Christian martyr, but not much else is known about him. Information concerning Saint Expeditus is found in the Hieronymian Martyrology. According to Delehaye, the word "Expeditus" is a misreading of "Elpidius".^[1]

The name "Expeditus" has evoked puns, so he has become the saint of rapidity. At first, he was invoked for urgent causes; he has since become the patron of dealers, sailors, students, and examinees; he is also implored for success in lawsuits.

Given that "Expeditus" is Latin for a soldier without marching pack, i.e. a soldier with light equipment, this saint may be an anonymous individual known by his "profession". His cult was already developed in Turin in the Middle Ages. At the beginning of the twentieth century, certain bishops tried but failed to abolish the cult of Saint Expeditus.

Roman Catholic veneration

Legends

According to tradition, Saint Expeditus was a Roman centurion in Armenia who became a Christian and was beheaded during the Diocletian Persecution in 303 A.D. The day he decided to become a Christian, the Devil took the form of a crow (a snake in some versions of the legend) and told him to defer his conversion until the next day, but Expeditus stamped on the bird and killed it, declaring, "I'll be a Christian today!"

Many stories circulated about the saint's origin say the cultus of Expeditus began when a package marked expedite (meaning 'be ready' or alternately 'loosen') arrived with unidentified relics or statues. The recipients assumed that the statuary or relics belonged to a Saint Expeditus, and so veneration began. One of these stories is set in 1781, when a case containing the relics of a saint who was formerly buried in the Denfert-Rochereau catacombs of Paris arrived at a convent in the city. The senders had written expedite on the case, to ensure fast delivery of the remains. The nuns assumed that "Expedite" was the name of a martyr, prayed for his intercession, and when their prayers were answered, veneration spread rapidly through France and on to other Roman Catholic countries.^[3]

Another version of the story takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana. This story says that Our Lady of Guadalupe Chapel (New Orleans) received a large shipment of statues of various saints, one case of which did not have an identifying label. However, the crate did say Expedite ("Expédit" in French), so the residents assumed that must be the saint's name.^[3] In New Orleans, Saint Expédit still figures prominently in the local creole folklore and is revered through amulets, flowers, candles, and intercessory prayers.^[4]

However, Expeditus appears in martyrologies in Italy before 1781.^[3] There was also a tradition that Saint Expeditus be called upon to help settle overly long legal cases. His acta have not been reviewed by the Roman Catholic Church, and his feast of April 19 is not widely celebrated. However, Saint Expedite is venerated in Europe and strongly in Latin America. Brazil has ceremonies in São Paulo and crowds attending ceremonies to mark his April 19 feast day can reach in the hundreds of thousands.

Iconographical depiction

Expeditus' typical depiction in artwork is as a young Roman centurion. The soldier is squashing a crow beneath his right foot and bearing a clock in early images. Later depictions have Expeditus holding a cross, inscribed with the Latin word hodie ("today"). A banderole with the word cras ("tomorrow" in Latin) emerges from the crow's mouth. Although the English language tends to mimic a crow's cry as "caw caw," Italian renders it as "cra cra.",^[5] and the ancient Romans rendered it as "cras cras".

Réunion Island

Roadside altars dedicated to Saint Expédit are not uncommon in Réunion.

Saint Expédit has a significant folk following on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Stories about the origin of his veneration there follow the typical formula: a mysterious parcel marked with expedit arrived as an aid to instill pious virtues in the people.^[6] However, another version of the story maintains that Expédit acquired his name through his expeditious help in placing vengeful curses. Decapitated statues of the saint are often found, the defacement inflicted in anger for a request not carried out or in order to break an existing curse.^[6]

Road-side altars dedicated to Saint Expédit can be as small as a box containing a small statue of the saint, or as large as a hut, containing multiple statues, candles, and flowers. In all cases, these altars are painted a bright red.^[6] Also common are ex-votos thanking Saint Expédit for wishes granted and favors received.

In Réunion, the cult of Saint Expédit takes the form of a syncretic cult, mixing Roman Catholicism with other beliefs from Madagascar or India. Saint Expédit is a popular saint, revered by Reunionnais regardless of age or religion. It is difficult to say how many people visit the island's ubiquitous altars, since the worship of Saint Expédit is considered taboo - people do not generally visit the altars in the open. Even so, the altars are widespread on the island and obviously well-tended.

Chile

Himnos mil al glorioso Expedito,
que su sangre en la Armenia vertió,
cuyo nombre en el cielo fue escrito,
y de mártir el laurel alcanzó.
—Himno a San Expedito^[7]

A thousand hymns to glorious Expeditus,
Who shed his blood in Armenia,
Whose name was written in heaven,
And gained the laurel of martyrdom.
—Hymn to Saint Expeditus

Veneration in Chile is said to have begun when a devotee of Expeditus (or locally, San Expedito) brought an image of him to Viña del Mar, one of the most popular beach cities of Chile. She then petitioned some local priests for help to have a small church built for him. It is said that the idea was initially rejected by the local authorities, but the priests and the devout lady prayed to Expeditus, and in less than nine days they had the approval. Since then, the cult of San Expedito has become increasingly popular in Chile; from rich to poor, people pray novenas to him, and the shrine in the Reñaca sector of Viña is a rather popular pilgrimage site, especially during summer.

Vodou and Hoodoo

In Haitian Vodou the image of St. Expedite is used to represent Baron Lakwa a spirit associated with death, cemeteries, and sex. In New Orleans Voodoo the saint often represents Baron Samedi, the spirit of death or an aspect of the spirit of death.

The saint is also often invoked in the African-American magical tradition of Hoodoo, where it is customary to make an offering to him of a glass of water, a bunch of flowers and a pound cake. In this tradition his image is used in gambling charms and rituals believed to bring down curses on others. Adherents especially venerate the 4/6 domino tile.

The use of Catholic Saints as representations of spirits and deities in other worship practices extends beyond St. Expedite. Other saints syncretised into such worship include St. Patrick, St. Anthony of Padua and The Virgin Mary.

According to Maya Deren, St. Expedite is the representation of Mr. Entretoute who features as one of the prominent death spirits of the Ghede panetheon in her book, Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti.

Gallery

Saint Expédit on Réunion Island: ex-votos
Roadside hut altar dedicated to Expeditus on Réunion Island
Statues inside the hut

References

^ ^a ^b Jones, Terry. "Expeditus". Patron Saints Index. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
^ ^{[citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Delio, Michelle (2004-11-10). "Patron Saint of the Nerds". Wired. Retrieved 2007-12-05. ^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Zibart, Eve (2005-09-12). "Saints Alive! The Eternal Nawlins". The Washington Post (Washington D.C.). Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ Migliorini, Bruno; Tagliavini, Carlo; Fiorelli, Piero; Bórri, Tommaso Francesco (31 January 2008). "cra cra". Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia (DOP) (in Italian). Rai Eri. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Harvey, Keri (2007-06-12). "Wild Island Reunion". Expressions magazine. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ Vilagrán, Ángel Rodríguez. "San Expedito". El Ángel de la Web (in Spanish). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Expeditus.

Sant'Espedito di Melitene (Italian)
Wall Street Journal article on Expeditus (registration required)
Republic of Molossia: documents veneration to Expeditus and explains his possible erroneous origin
Saint Expédit (article by the University of Réunion, focusing on the worship on Réunion Island) (French)
La Página de San Expedito (Spanish)
San Expedito en Chile (Spanish)
San Expedito; Misión e historia

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. カプノサイトファーガ・カニモルサス感染症 capnocytophaga
2. 結核の伝播およびコントロール tuberculosis transmission and control
3. Management of stress ulcers
4. 大腸切除術における早期回復管理 fast track protocols in colorectal surgery
5. 耳圧外傷 ear barotrauma

Japanese Journal

A simple fed-batch method for transcription and insect cell-free translation(METHODS)

Sato Yoko,Aizawa Keishi,Ezure Toru [他],Ando Eiji,Uozumi Nobuyuki
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(6), 677-679, 2012-12-00
… This simplified method will help expedite the high throughput insect cell-free protein production. …
NAID 110009578165

Clinical Study of 7 Cases of Arytenoid Dislocation and a Divice in Reposition

浅岡恭介,濱島有喜,村上信五
喉頭 24(1), 20-24, 2012
… <BR>Although the outcome of corrective surgery for this condition is not guaranteed, we have developed a technique to assist and expedite patient recovery. …
NAID 130002138886

電気二重層キャパシタを用いたハイブリッド電源鉄道車両のシンプルなエンジン出力制御法

岡野翔太,澁谷浩之,近藤圭一郎
電気学会論文誌. D, 産業応用部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. D, A publication of Industry Applications Society 131(10), 1246-1253, 2011-10-01
… The results of this study are expected to expedite the development of energy-saving railway vehicles for the non-electrified lines.Finally, the results of this study increase the possibility of developing hybrid powered railway vehicles. …
NAID 10030531234

多読が単語・コロケーション・定型句・反義語の認識(アクセス)速度に及ぼす影響

今村一博
Language Education & Technology (48), 185-214, 2011-06-00
… They recommend increasing the frequency of encounters with words and phrases through extensive reading (ER) in order to expedite their recognition. … Furthermore, our results suggest that ER does not particularly expedite the assimilation of formulaic sequences and antonyms, which should be learned mainly through explicit instruction and intentional learning. …
NAID 110008686407

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「further」「促進」「facilitation」「facilitate」「acceleration」

「further」

St. Expedite
St. Expedite
	Saint Expeditus with his typical iconographical attributes
Martyr
Born	unknown; unknown
Died	303; Melitene, Turkey
Honored in	Roman Catholic Church
Feast	19 April
Attributes	Depicted as a Roman soldier, holding a palm leaf in his left hand, and raising a cross with the word hodie (today) on it. His right foot is stepping on a crow, which is speaking the word "cras" (tomorrow).
Patronage	emergencies, expeditious solutions, against procrastination, merchants, navigators, programmers hackers