upgrade

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. rate higher; raise in value or esteem
2. to improve what was old or outdated; "Ive upgraded my computer so I can run better software"; "The company upgraded their personnel"
3. the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises (同)rise, rising slope
4. hardware that provides better performance than an earlier version did
5. the act of improving something (especially machinery) by raising it to a higher grade (as by adding or replacing components); "the power plant received a new upgrade"
6. a reservation that is improved; "I got an upgrade to first class when coach class was full"
7. software that provides better performance than an earlier version did
8. get better travel conditions; "I upgraded to First Class when Coach Class was overbooked"
9. give better travel conditions to; "The airline upgraded me when I arrived late and Coach Class was full"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 上りこうばい,上り坂 / 上り坂の,上り坂にある / 〈人〉‘を'昇格させる / …‘の'品質を改良する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/02 02:09:06」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the facility that upgrades bitumen (extra heavy oil) into synthetic crude oil, see upgrader. For academic upgrading, see remedial education.

Upgrading is the process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product. In computing and consumer electronics an upgrade is generally a replacement of hardware, software or firmware with a newer or better version, in order to bring the system up to date or to improve its characteristics.

Computing and consumer electronics

Examples of common hardware upgrades include installing additional memory (RAM), adding larger hard disks, replacing microprocessor cards or graphics cards, and installing new versions of software. Many other upgrades are often possible as well.

Common software upgrades include changing the version of an operating system, of an office suite, of an anti-virus program, or of various other tools.

Common firmware upgrades include the updating of the iPod control menus, the Xbox 360 dashboard, or the non-volatile flash memory that contains the embedded operating system for a consumer electronics device.

Users can often download software and firmware upgrades from the Internet. Often the download is a patch—it does not contain the new version of the software in its entirety, just the changes that need to be made. Software patches usually aim to improve functionality or solve problems with security. Rushed patches can cause more harm than good and are therefore sometimes regarded with scepticism for a short time after release (see "Risks"). Patches are generally free.

A software or firmware upgrade can be major or minor and the release version code-number increases accordingly. A major upgrade will change the version number, whereas a minor update will often append a ".01", ".02", ".03", etc. For example, "version 10.03" might designate the third minor upgrade of version 10. In commercial software, the minor upgrades (or updates) are generally free, but the major versions must be purchased. See also: sidegrade.

Risks

Although developers usually produce upgrades in order to improve a product, there are risks involved—including the possibility that the upgrade will worsen the product.

Upgrades of hardware involve a risk that new hardware will not be compatible with other pieces of hardware in a system. For example, an upgrade of RAM may not be compatible with existing RAM in a computer. Other hardware components may not be compatible after either an upgrade or downgrade, due to the non-availability of compatible drivers for the hardware with a specific operating system. Conversely, there is the same risk of non-compatibility when software is upgraded or downgraded for previously functioning hardware to no longer function.

Upgrades of software introduce the risk that the new version (or patch) will contain a bug, causing the program to malfunction in some way or not to function at all. For example, in October 2005, a glitch in a software upgrade caused trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange to shut down for most of the day. Similar gaffes have occurred: from important government systems to freeware on the internet.

Upgrades can also worsen a product subjectively. A user may prefer an older version even if a newer version functions perfectly as designed.

A software upgrade can be a downgrade from the point of view of the user, for example by removing features for marketing or copyright reasons, see OtherOS.

See also

• Adaptation kit upgrade
• Advanced Packaging Tool
• Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card
• Source upgrade
• Windows Anytime Upgrade
• Yellow dog Updater, Modified

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 心血管用植え込み型デバイスのリード除去 cardiac implantable electronic device lead removal
• 2. 良性乳房疾患の概要 overview of benign breast disease
• 3. 慢性二枝ブロックの経過および治療 course and treatment of chronic bifascicular block
• 4. 心臓ペーシングのモード：名称および選択 modes of cardiac pacing nomenclature and selection
• 5. 異型および上皮内小葉癌：乳癌のハイリスク病変 atypia and lobular carcinoma in situ high risk lesions of the breast

English Journal

• Evaluation of the detoxication efficiencies for acrylonitrile wastewater treated by a combined anaerobic oxic-aerobic biological fluidized tank (A/O-ABFT) process: Acute toxicity and zebrafish embryo toxicity.

• Na C1, Zhang Y1, Deng M1, Quan X2, Chen S1, Zhang Y1.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Jul;154:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.037. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
• Acrylonitrile (ACN) wastewater generated during ACN production has been reported to be toxic to many aquatic organisms. However, few studies have evaluated toxicity removal of ACN wastewater during and after the treatment process. In this study, the detoxication ability of an ACN wastewater treatmen
• PMID 27037768

• Creating Public Awareness of How Goats Are Reared and Milk Produced May Affect Consumer Acceptability.

• Musto M1, Cardinale D1, Lucia P2, Faraone D1.
• Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS.J Appl Anim Welf Sci.2016 Jul-Sep;19(3):217-33. doi: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1129906. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
• This study evaluated whether showing a video of the different ways of raising goats for milk affected consumer acceptability. Four combinations, 2 Videos (intensive [INT] and semiextensive [SEM] system) × 2 Milk Types (semiskimmed [S] and whole [W] milk), were evaluated by 70 habitual consumers o
• PMID 26960178

• Current status of brachytherapy in Korea: a national survey of radiation oncologists.

• Kim H1, Kim JY2, Kim J3, Park W4, Kim YS5, Kim HJ6, Kim YB7.
• Journal of gynecologic oncology.J Gynecol Oncol.2016 Jul;27(4):e33. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e33. Epub 2016 Feb 3.
• OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to acquire information on brachytherapy resources in Korea through a national survey of radiation oncologists.METHODS: Between October 2014 and January 2015, a questionnaire on the current status of brachytherapy was distributed to all 86 radiation oncolog
• PMID 27102244

• Designing a stronger interface through graded structures in amorphous/nanocrystalline ZrCu/Cu multilayered films.

• Chang CH1, Hsieh CH, Huang JC, Wang C, Liao YC, Hsueh CH, Du XH, Wang ZK, Wang X.
• Nanotechnology.Nanotechnology.2016 Jun 3;27(22):225701. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/22/225701. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
• Many multilayered nano-structures appear to fail due to brittle matter along the interfaces. In order to toughen them, in this study, the microstructure and interface strength of multilayered thin films consisting of amorphous ZrCu and nanocrystalline Cu (with sharp or graded interfaces) are examine
• PMID 27103429

Japanese Journal

• Study on Measures for Promoting Woodenware Industry in Korea

• Choi Soo Im,Kang Hag Mo,Sato Noriko,佐藤 宣子
• Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58(2), 493-498, 2013-09-00
• … A number of companies were planning to decrease the production of or upgrade their products such as the utensils for ancestral rites and the dining tables in the future and also to increase the production of utensils for living that consume relatively less wood. …
• NAID 120005326678

• ガスタービン排気設備機器の改善更新(<特集>ガスタービン発電設備の経年化対策(点検・補修・改善技術))

• 北山 和弘
• 日本ガスタービン学会誌 41(4), 294-298, 2013-07-19
• NAID 110009624806

• 特別支援教育における学校コンサルテーションの充実に向けて : コンサルタントが抱く困難性と求められる専門性

• 武田 篤,斎藤 孝,新井 敏彦,佐藤 圭吾,藤井 慶博,神 常雄,TAKEDA Atsushi,SAITO Takashi,ARAI Toshihiko,SATO Keigo,FUJII Yoshihiro,JIN Tsuneo
• 秋田大学教育文化学部教育実践研究紀要 35, 79-85, 2013-05-31
• … In the drive to upgrade support to these children, efforts to make use of the functions of special support schools as a center of special education and the itinerate support provided by professional teams are being carried out throughout the country. …
• NAID 110009576650

• 業務の安定化・効率化に寄与する情報システム開発手法の構築 : CAMPUS WEB 拡充開発事例を踏まえて

• 浅田 智史,本村 廣司,相根 誠,岡 潤也
• 大学行政研究 8, 93-106, 2013-03-00
• NAID 120005247261

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