quickening

WordNet

the process of showing signs of life; "the quickening of seed that will become ripe grain"
the stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels the movements of the fetus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/11 21:50:32」(JST)

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In pregnancy terms, quickening is the moment in pregnancy when the pregnant woman starts to feel or perceive fetal movements in the uterus.^[1]

Medical facts

The first natural sensation of quickening may feel like a light tapping, or the fluttering of a butterfly. These sensations eventually become stronger and more regular as the pregnancy progresses. Sometimes, the first movements are mis-attributed to gas or hunger pangs.^[2]

A woman’s uterine muscles, rather than her abdominal muscles, are first to sense fetal motion. Therefore, a woman’s body weight usually does not have a substantial effect on when movements are initially perceived. Women who have already given birth have more relaxed uterine muscles that are consequently more sensitive to fetal motion, and for them fetal motion can sometimes be felt as early as 14 weeks.^[3]

Usually, quickening occurs naturally at about the middle of a pregnancy. A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 18–20 weeks, whereas a woman who has been pregnant more than once (i.e., a multipara woman) will typically feel movements around 15–17 weeks.^[4]

Legal history

The word "quick" originally meant "alive". Historically, quickening has sometimes been considered to be the beginning of the possession of "individual life" by the fetus. British legal scholar William Blackstone explained the subject of quickening in the eighteenth century, relative to feticide and abortion:

Life… begins in contemplation of law as soon as an infant is able to stir in the mother's womb. For if a woman is quick with child, and by a potion, or otherwise, killeth it in her womb; or if any one beat her, whereby the child dieth in her body, and she is delivered of a dead child; this, though not murder, was by the ancient law homicide or manslaughter. But at present it is not looked upon in quite so atrocious a light, though it remains a very heinous misdemeanor.^[5]

Nevertheless, quickening was only one of several standards that were used historically to determine when the right to life attaches to a fetus. According to the "ancient law" mentioned by Blackstone, another standard was formation of the fetus, which occurs weeks before quickening. Henry de Bracton explained the ancient law, about five hundred years before Blackstone:

If one strikes a pregnant woman or gives her poison in order to procure an abortion, if the fetus is already formed or quickened, especially if it is quickened, he commits homicide.^[6]

The rule that a fetus was considered alive upon formation dates back at least another millennium before Bracton. For example, in the Septuagint text of the Old Testament, killing the fetus was considered to be taking a life, "if it be perfectly formed".^[7]^[8]^[9] However, other translations of exactly the same verses maintain that killing the fetus was considered to be taking a life without regard to its physical formation.^[10] Thus, quickening perceived by a woman has been only one of the standards used to mark when a human life legally begins. Others include viability, birth, and conception.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a woman convicted of a capital crime could claim a delay in her execution if she were pregnant; a woman who did so was said to "plead the belly". In Ireland on 16 March 1831 Baron Pennefather in Limerick stated that pregnancy was not alone sufficient for a delay but there had to be quickening.^[11]

Notes

^ Quickening in Farlex dictionary, in turn citing The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. copyright 2000
^ Harms, Roger. Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy, page 480 (HarperCollins 2004). Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ Van Der Ziel, Cornelia & Tourville, Jacqueline. Big, Beautiful & Pregnant: Expert Advice And Comforting Wisdom for the Expecting Plus-size Woman (Marlowe 2006). Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ Levene, Malcolm et al. Essentials of Neonatal Medicine (Blackwell 2000), page 8. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ Blackstone, William (1979) [1765]. "Amendment IX, Document 1". Commentaries on the Laws of England 5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 388.
^ Henry de Bracton (1968) [c. 1250]. "The crime of homicide and the divisions into which it falls". In George E. Woodbine ed.; Samuel Edmund Thorne trans. On the Laws and Customs of England 2. p. 341. OCLC 1872. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Goodman, Lenn. Judaism, Human Rights, and Human Values, page 89 (Oxford University Press 1998).
^ Ford, Norman. When Did I Begin? page 55 (Cambridge University Press 1991).
^ "Exodus", Septuagint LXX in English, translated by Lancelot Brenton. (Bagster & Sons 1851). The Septuagint text was written in 285-246 BC.
^ Keil, F. & Delitzsch, F., Biblical commentary on the Old Testament, Volume II, pages 134-135 (T. & T. Clark 1869)
^ Limerick Evening Post and Clare Sentinel, 18 March 1831.

External links

First Fetal Movement : Quickening, American Pregnancy Association.
Fetal movement: Feeling your baby kick, babycenter.com.

UpToDate Contents

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The quickening art.

Scheidt RJ, Bosch JV, Kivnick HQ, Scheidt RJ.SourceE-mail: rscheidt@kstate.edu.
The Gerontologist.Gerontologist.2013 Feb;53(1):175-7. doi: 10.1093/geront/gns151. Epub 2012 Dec 4.
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Using electrical stimulation to measure physiological changes in the human extensor carpi ulnaris muscle after prolonged low-level repetitive ulnar deviation.

Johnson PW, Ciriello VM, Kerin KJ, Dennerlein JT.SourceUniversity of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, PO Box 354695, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether muscle fatigue would result from repetitive voluntary contractions performed consecutively over four, 8-h workdays. Using a repeated measures design, ten healthy females participated in three conditions: a control and two repetitive work condition
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Modulation of mouse rod response decay by rhodopsin kinase and recoverin.

Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Chen FS, Chen Y, Cilluffo MC, Tranchina D, Fain GL.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, USA.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2012 Nov 7;32(45):15998-6006. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1639-12.2012.
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Time course gene expression profiling of yeast spore germination reveals a network of transcription factors orchestrating the global response.

Geijer C, Pirkov I, Vongsangnak W, Ericsson A, Nielsen J, Krantz M, Hohmann S.AbstractABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Spore germination of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a multi-step developmental path on which dormant spores re-enter the mitotic cell cycle and resume vegetative growth. Upon addition of a fermentable carbon source and nutrients, the outer layers of the protective spore wall are locally degraded, the tightly packed spore gains volume and an elongated shape, and eventually the germinating spore re-enters the cell cycle. The regulatory pathways driving this process are still largely unknown. Here we characterize the global gene expression profiles of germinating spores and identify potential transcriptional regulators of this process with the aim to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that control the transition from cellular dormancy to proliferation.
BMC genomics.BMC Genomics.2012 Oct 15;13(1):554. [Epub ahead of print]
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Related Pictures

Feeling the Quickening Que es el Quickening? Thw Quickening Quickening Blade of the Prince II: The Quickening (1991) DVDRIP

[1] Quickening in Farlex dictionary, in turn citing The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. copyright 2000

[2] Harms, Roger. Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy, page 480 (HarperCollins 2004). Retrieved 2007-02-15.

[3] Van Der Ziel, Cornelia & Tourville, Jacqueline. Big, Beautiful & Pregnant: Expert Advice And Comforting Wisdom for the Expecting Plus-size Woman (Marlowe 2006). Retrieved 2007-02-15.

[4] Levene, Malcolm et al. Essentials of Neonatal Medicine (Blackwell 2000), page 8. Retrieved 2007-02-15.

[5] Blackstone, William (1979) [1765]. "Amendment IX, Document 1". Commentaries on the Laws of England 5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 388.

[6] Henry de Bracton (1968) [c. 1250]. "The crime of homicide and the divisions into which it falls". In George E. Woodbine ed.; Samuel Edmund Thorne trans. On the Laws and Customs of England 2. p. 341. OCLC 1872. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[7] Goodman, Lenn. Judaism, Human Rights, and Human Values, page 89 (Oxford University Press 1998).

[8] Ford, Norman. When Did I Begin? page 55 (Cambridge University Press 1991).

[9] "Exodus", Septuagint LXX in English, translated by Lancelot Brenton. (Bagster & Sons 1851). The Septuagint text was written in 285-246 BC.

[10] Keil, F. & Delitzsch, F., Biblical commentary on the Old Testament, Volume II, pages 134-135 (T. & T. Clark 1869)

[11] Limerick Evening Post and Clare Sentinel, 18 March 1831.

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