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Not to be confused with cortisone, a similar compound with a similar name, genesis, and function.

Cortisol, known more formally as hydrocortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.^[1] It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.^[2] It also decreases bone formation. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are used to treat a variety of diseases.

1 Physiology
- 1.1 Production and release
- 1.2 Main functions in the body
- 1.3 Pregnancy
- 1.4 Other effects
- 1.5 Normal levels
  - 1.5.1 Patterns
- 1.6 Binding
- 1.7 Regulation
  - 1.7.1 Factors generally reducing cortisol levels
  - 1.7.2 Factors generally increasing cortisol levels
2 Disorders of cortisol production
3 Pharmacology
4 Biochemistry
- 4.1 Biosynthesis
- 4.2 Metabolism
5 Health disparities
6 References
7 External links

Physiology[edit source | edit]

Production and release[edit source | edit]

Cortisol is produced in the human body by the adrenal gland in the zona fasciculata,^[1] the second of three layers comprising the adrenal cortex. The cortex forms the outer "bark" of each adrenal gland, situated atop the kidneys. The release of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamus, a part of the brain. The secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus triggers cells in the neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete another hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), into the vascular system, through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex.

Cortisol for injection

Main functions in the body[edit source | edit]

In the fasting state, cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis (formation, in the liver, of glucose from certain amino acids, glycerol, lactate and/or propionate) and it activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways.

It downregulates the Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) on "Helper" (CD4+) T-cells. This results in the inability of Interleukin-2 to upregulate the Th2 (Humoral) immune response and results in a Th1 (Cellular) immune dominance. This results in a decrease in B-cell antibody production. Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. This is why cortisol is used to treat conditions resulting from overactivity of the B-cell mediated antibody response such as inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases, and allergies. Low-potency hydrocortisone, available over the counter in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as rashes, eczema and others.

Cortisol plays an important role in glycogenolysis, the breaking down of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate and glucose, in liver and muscle tissue. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by epinephrine and/or norepinephrine, however cortisol facilitates the activation of glycogen phosphorylase, which is essential for the effects of epinephrine on glycogenolysis.^[3]^[4]

Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to proteolysis and muscle wasting.^[5]

Several studies have shown a lipolytic (breakdown of fat) effect of cortisol, although under some conditions, cortisol may somewhat suppress lipolysis.^[6]

Another function is to decrease bone formation.

Pregnancy[edit source | edit]

During human pregnancy, increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactant to promote maturation of the lungs. In fetal lambs, glucocorticoids (principally cortisol) increase after about day 130, with lung surfactant increasing greatly, in response, by about day 135,^[7] and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days, 88 percent or more is of fetal origin by day 136 of gestation.^[8] Although the timing of fetal cortisol concentration elevation in sheep may vary somewhat, it averages about 11.8 days before the onset of labor.^[9] In several livestock species (e.g. the cow, sheep, goat and pig), the surge of fetal cortisol late in gestation triggers the onset of parturition by removing the progesterone block of cervical dilation and myometrial contraction. The mechanisms yielding this effect on progesterone differ among species. In the sheep, where progesterone sufficient for maintaining pregnancy is produced by the placenta after about day 70 of gestation,^[10]^[11] the pre-partum fetal cortisol surge induces placental enzymatic conversion of progesterone to estrogen. (The elevated level of estrogen stimulates prostaglandin secretion and oxytocin receptor development.) In the pregnant cow, where progesterone maintaining pregnancy is provided by the corpus luteum, luteolysis is induced by endometrial release of prostaglandin F2alpha, in response to fetal cortisol (and estrogen).^[12]

Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes, including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns. In marmosets, a species of New World primates, pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation, both within and between females. Mustoe et al. (2012) showed that infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices (BMI) than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol (approximately 20% lower). However, postnatal growth rates in these high-cortisol infants was more rapid than low-cortisol infants later in postnatal periods, and complete catch-up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age. These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre- and post-natal growth in primates.^[13]

Other effects[edit source | edit]

See also: Glucocorticoid#Therapeutic use

Cortisol is released in response to stress, sparing available glucose for the brain, generating new energy from stored reserves, and diverting energy from low-priority activities (such as the immune system) in order to survive immediate threats or prepare for the exertion of rising to a new day. However, prolonged cortisol secretion (which may be due to chronic stress or the excessive secretion seen in Cushing's syndrome) results in significant physiological changes.^[1]

Insulin

Cortisol counteracts insulin, contributes to hyperglycemia-causing hepatic gluconeogenesis^[14] and inhibits the peripheral utilization of glucose (insulin resistance)^[14] by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters (especially GLUT4) to the cell membrane.^[15]^[16] However, cortisol increases glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) in the liver.^[17] The permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action in liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in the laboratory, although the mechanism for this is unknown.

Collagen

In laboratory rats, cortisol-induced collagen loss in the skin is ten times greater than in any other tissue.^[18]

Amino acids

Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum. It does this by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle, and inhibiting protein synthesis.^[19] Cortisol (as opticortinol) may inversely inhibit IgA precursor cells in the intestines of calves.^[20] Cortisol also inhibits IgA in serum, as it does IgM; however, it is not shown to inhibit IgE.^[21]

Gastric and renal secretion

Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.^[22] Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme.^[23] Net chloride secretion in the intestines is inversely decreased by cortisol in vitro (methylprednisolone).^[24]

Sodium

Cortisol inhibits sodium loss through the small intestine of mammals.^[25] Sodium depletion, however, does not affect cortisol levels^[26] so cortisol cannot be used to regulate serum sodium. Cortisol's original purpose may have been sodium transport. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that freshwater fish utilize cortisol to stimulate sodium inward, while saltwater fish have a cortisol-based system for expelling excess sodium.^[27]

Potassium

A sodium load augments the intense potassium excretion by cortisol; corticosterone is comparable to cortisol in this case.^[17] For potassium to move out of the cell, cortisol moves an equal number of sodium ions into the cell.^[28] This should make pH regulation much easier (unlike the normal potassium-deficiency situation, in which two sodium ions move in for each three potassium ions that move out—closer to the deoxycorticosterone effect). Nevertheless, cortisol consistently causes serum alkalosis; in a deficiency, serum pH does not change. The purpose of this may be to reduce serum pH to an optimum value for some immune enzymes during infection, when cortisol declines. Potassium is also blocked from loss in the kidneys by a decline in cortisol (9 alpha fluorohydrocortisone).^[29]

Water

Cortisol acts as anti- diuretic hormone, controlling one-half of intestinal diuresis;^[25] it has also been shown to control kidney diuresis in dogs. The decline in water excretion following a decline in cortisol (dexamethasone) in dogs is probably due to inverse stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or arginine vasopressin), which is not overridden by water loading.^[30] Humans and other animals also use this mechanism.^[31]

Copper

Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), probably to increase copper availability for immune purposes.^[32]^:337 This includes lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin.^[32]^:334 Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the superoxide dismutase,^[33] since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria. Cortisol causes an inverse four- or fivefold decrease of metallothionein (a copper storage protein) in mice;^[34] however, rodents do not synthesize cortisol themselves. This may be to furnish more copper for ceruloplasmin synthesis or to release free copper. Cortisol has an opposite effect on aminoisobuteric acid than on the other amino acids.^[35] If alpha-aminoisobuteric acid is used to transport copper through the cell wall, this anomaly might be explained.

Immune system

Cortisol can weaken the activity of the immune system. Cortisol prevents proliferation of T-cells by rendering the interleukin-2 producer T-cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 (IL-1), and unable to produce the T-cell growth factor.^[36] Cortisol also has a negative-feedback effect on interleukin-1.^[37] IL-1 must be especially useful in combating some diseases; however, endotoxic bacteria have gained an advantage by forcing the hypothalamus to increase cortisol levels (forcing the secretion of CRH hormone, thus antagonizing IL-1). The suppressor cells are not affected by glucosteroid response-modifying factor (GRMF),^[38] so the effective setpoint for the immune cells may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes (reflecting leukocyte redistribution to lymph nodes, bone marrow, and skin). Rapid administration of corticosterone (the endogenous Type I and Type II receptor agonist) or RU28362 (a specific Type II receptor agonist) to adrenalectomized animals induced changes in leukocyte distribution. Natural killer cells are not affected by cortisol.^[39]

Bone metabolism

Cortisol reduces bone formation, favoring long-term development of osteoporosis. It transports potassium out of cells in exchange for an equal number of sodium ions (see above).^[28] This can trigger the hyperkalemia of metabolic shock from surgery. Cortisol also reduces calcium absorption in the intestine.^[40]

Memory

Cortisol works with epinephrine (adrenaline) to create memories of short-term emotional events; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash bulb memories, and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future.^[41] However, long-term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the hippocampus;^[42] this damage results in impaired learning. Furthermore, it has been shown that cortisol inhibits memory retrieval of already stored information.^[43]^[44]

Additional effects

Increases blood pressure by increasing the sensitivity of the vasculature to epinephrine and norepinephrine; in the absence of cortisol, widespread vasodilation occurs^[41]

Inhibits secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in feedback inhibition of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin) secretion. Some researchers believe that this normal feedback system may become dysregulated when animals are exposed to chronic stress^[45]

Causes the kidneys to produce hypotonic urine^[41]

Shuts down the reproductive system, resulting in an increased chance of miscarriage and (in some cases) temporary infertility. Fertility returns after cortisol levels return to normal.^[46]

Has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing histamine secretion and stabilizing lysosomal membranes. Stabilization of lysosomal membranes prevents their rupture, preventing damage to healthy tissues^[47]

Stimulates hepatic detoxification by inducing tryptophan oxygenase (reducing serotonin levels in the brain), glutamine synthase (reducing glutamate and ammonia levels in the brain), cytochrome P-450 hemoprotein (mobilizing arachidonic acid), and metallothionein (reducing heavy metals in the body)^[48]

In addition to cortisol's effects in binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, because of its molecular similarity to aldosterone it also binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Aldosterone and cortisol have a similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor; however, glucocorticoids circulate at roughly 100 times the level of mineralocorticoids. An enzyme exists in mineralocorticoid target tissues to prevent overstimulation by glucocorticoids and allow selective mineralocorticoid action. This enzyme—11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (Protein:HSD11B2)—catalyzes the deactivation of glucocorticoids to 11-dehydro metabolites^[48]

There are potential links between cortisol, appetite and obesity.^[49]

Normal levels[edit source | edit]

Normal values indicated in the following tables pertain to humans (Normals vary among species). Measured cortisol levels, and therefore reference ranges, depend on the analytical method used and factors such as age and sex. Test results should therefore always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result.

Reference ranges for blood plasma content of free cortisol
Time	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
09:00 am	140^[50]	700^[50]	nmol/L
09:00 am	5^[51]	25^[51]	μg/dL
Midnight	80^[50]	350^[50]	nmol/L
Midnight	2.9^[51]	13^[51]	μg/dL

Using the molecular weight of 362.460 g/mole, the conversion factor from µg/dl to nmol/L is approximately 27.6; thus, 10 µg/dl is approximately equal to 276 nmol/L.

Reference ranges for urinalysis of free cortisol
Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
28^[52] or 30^[53]	280^[52] or 490^[53]	nmol/24h
10^[54] or 11^[55]	100^[54] or 176^[55]	µg/24 h

Patterns[edit source | edit]

Diurnal cycles of cortisol levels are found in several animal species, including humans.^[3] In species that exhibit such cycles, different timing of diurnal maxima and minima has been observed, not only in different species^[3] but also, in some cases, within the same species.^[56]^[57]^[58]

In humans, the amount of cortisol present in the blood undergoes diurnal variation; the level peaks in the early morning (approximately 8 am) and reaches its lowest level at about midnight-4 am, or three to five hours after the onset of sleep. Information about the light/dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus. This pattern is not present at birth; estimates of when it begins vary from two weeks to nine months of age.^[59]

Changed patterns of serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels, clinical depression, psychological stress, and physiological stressors such as hypoglycemia, illness, fever, trauma, surgery, fear, pain, physical exertion, or temperature extremes. Cortisol levels may also differ for individuals with autism or Asperger's syndrome.^[60]

There is also significant individual variation, although a given person tends to have consistent rhythms.^[61]

Ultradian as well as circadian cycles of cortisol secretion have been observed, e.g. a cycle period of about 2 h in cattle^[62] and about 1 h in sheep.^[56]

Binding[edit source | edit]

Most serum cortisol (all but about 4%) is bound to proteins, including corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and serum albumin. Free cortisol passes easily through cellular membranes, where they bind intracellular cortisol receptors.^[63]

Regulation[edit source | edit]

The primary control of cortisol is the pituitary gland peptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol-secreting target cells.^[64] ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which is under nervous control. CRH acts synergistically with arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II, and epinephrine.^[65] (In swine, which do not produce arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin acts synergistically with CRH.^[66]) When activated macrophages start to secrete interleukin-1 (IL-1), which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH,^[37] T-cells also secrete glucosteroid response modifying factor (GRMF or GAF) as well as IL-1; both increase the amount of cortisol required to inhibit almost all the immune cells.^[38] Immune cells then assume their own regulation, but at a higher cortisol setpoint. The increase in cortisol in diarrheic calves is minimal over healthy calves, however, and falls over time.^[67] The cells do not lose all their fight-or-flight override because of interleukin-1's synergism with CRH. Cortisol even has a negative feedback effect on interleukin-1^[37]—especially useful to treat diseases that force the hypothalamus to secrete too much CRH, such as those caused by endotoxic bacteria. The suppressor immune cells are not affected by GRMF,^[38] so the immune cells' effective setpoint may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes. GRMF (known as GAF in this reference) primarily affects the liver (rather than the kidneys) for some physiological processes.^[68]

High potassium media (which stimulates aldosterone secretion in vitro) also stimulate cortisol secretion from the fasciculata zone of canine adrenals ^[69]^[70] — unlike corticosterone, upon which potassium has no effect.^[71] Potassium loading also increases ACTH and cortisol in humans.^[72] This is probably the reason why potassium deficiency causes cortisol to decline (as mentioned) and causes a decrease in conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol.^[73] This may also have a role in rheumatoid-arthritis pain; cell potassium is always low in RA.^[74]

Factors generally reducing cortisol levels[edit source | edit]

Magnesium supplementation decreases serum cortisol levels after aerobic exercise,^[75]^[76] but not after resistance training.^[77]
Omega-3 fatty acids have a dose-dependent effect^[78] in slightly reducing cortisol release influenced by mental stress,^[79] suppressing the synthesis of interleukin-1 and -6 and enhancing the synthesis of interleukin-2; the former promotes higher CRH release. Omega-6 fatty acids, on the other hand, have an inverse effect on interleukin synthesis.^[80]
Music therapy can reduce cortisol levels in certain situations.^[81]
Massage therapy can reduce cortisol.^[82]
Laughing, and the experience of humour, can lower cortisol levels.^[83]
Soy-derived phosphatidylserine interacts with cortisol; the correct dose, however, is unclear.^[84]^[85]
Black tea may hasten recovery from a high-cortisol condition.^[86]^[87]^{[non-primary source needed]}
Regular dancing has been shown to lead to significant decreases in salivary cortisol concentrations.^[88]

Factors generally increasing cortisol levels[edit source | edit]

Caffeine may increase cortisol levels.^[89]
Sleep deprivation^[90]
Intense (high VO2 max) or prolonged physical exercise stimulates cortisol release to increase gluconeogenesis and maintain blood glucose.^[91] Proper nutrition^[92] and high-level conditioning^[93] can help stabilize cortisol release.
The Val/Val variation of the BDNF gene in men, and the Val/Met variation in women, are associated with increased salivary cortisol in a stressful situation.^[94]
Hypoestrogenism and melatonin supplementation increase cortisol levels in postmenopausal women.^[95]
Burnout is associated with higher cortisol levels.^[96]
Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods.^[97]^[98]
Subcutaneous adipose tissue regenerates cortisol from cortisone.^[99]
Anorexia nervosa may be associated with increased cortisol levels.^[100]
The serotonin receptor gene 5HTR2C is associated with increased cortisol production in men.^[101]
Commuting by train increases cortisol levels relative to the length of the trip, its predictability and the amount of effort involved.^[102]
Stimuli associated with sexual intercourse can increase cortisol levels in gilts (a young female pig that has not produced her first litter).^[103]
Severe calorie restriction causes elevated baseline levels of cortisol.^[104]

Disorders of cortisol production[edit source | edit]

Hypercortisolism: Excessive levels of cortisol in the blood. (See Cushing's syndrome.)
Hypocortisolism (adrenal insufficiency): Insufficient levels of cortisol in the blood.

The relationship between cortisol and ACTH, and some consequent conditions, are as follows:

THE DISORDERS OF CORTISOL SECRETION
		Plasma ACTH
		↓	↑
Plasma Cortisol	↑	Primary hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome)	Secondary hypercortisolism (pituitary or ectopic tumor, Cushing's disease, pseudo-Cushing's syndrome)
Plasma Cortisol	↓	Secondary hypocortisolism (pituitary tumor, Sheehan's syndrome)	Primary hypocortisolism (Addison's disease, Nelson's syndrome)

A 2010 study has found that serum cortisol predicts increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome.^[105]^[106]

Pharmacology[edit source | edit]

Hydrocortisone is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol used in oral administration, intravenous injection or topical application. It is used as an immunosuppressive drug, given by injection in the treatment of severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and angioedema, in place of prednisolone in patients who need steroid treatment but cannot take oral medication, and perioperatively in patients on longterm steroid treatment to prevent Addisonian crisis. It may be used topically for allergic rashes, eczema, psoriasis and certain other inflammatory skin conditions. It may also be injected into inflamed joints resulting from diseases such as gout. Fluticasone propionate is a corticosteroid used in nasal sprays and asthma inhalers.

Compared to hydrocortisone, prednisolone is about four times as strong and dexamethasone about forty times as strong, in their anti-inflammatory effect.^[107] For side effects, see corticosteroid and prednisolone.

Topical hydrocortisone creams and ointments are available in most countries without prescription in strengths ranging from 0.05% to 2.5% (depending on local regulations) with stronger forms available by prescription only. Covering the skin after application increases the absorption and effect. Such enhancement is sometimes prescribed, but otherwise should be avoided to prevent overdose and systemic impact.

Advertising for the dietary supplement CortiSlim originally (and falsely) claimed that it contributed to weight loss by blocking cortisol. The manufacturer was fined $12 million by the Federal Trade Commission in 2007 for false advertising, and no longer claims in their marketing that CortiSlim is a cortisol antagonist.^[108]

Biochemistry[edit source | edit]

Biosynthesis[edit source | edit]

Steroidogenesis, showing cortisol at right.

Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol. Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (The name cortisol is derived from cortex.) While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticularis), cortisol is its main secretion in humans and several other species. (However, in cattle, corticosterone levels may approach^[109] or exceed.^[3] cortisol levels.). The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation.

The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); ACTH production is in turn stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (side chain cleavage enzyme).^[110]

Metabolism[edit source | edit]

Cortisol is metabolized by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes: 11-beta HSD1 and 11-beta HSD2.

11-beta HSD1 utilizes the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically inert cortisone to biologically active cortisol
11-beta HSD2 utilizes the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone

Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically active cortisol.

Cortisol is also metabolized into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which 5-alpha reductase and 5-beta reductase are the rate-limiting factors respectively. 5-beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone (THE).

An alteration in 11-beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome.^[111]

An alteration in 11-beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME). ^[112]

Health disparities[edit source | edit]

By measuring salivary cortisol, researchers have found a decrease in cortisol concentration in leadership roles as compared to non-leadership roles. The results were independent of differences in education and income.^[113]

Cortisol, as well as other glucocorticoids, have been used as biomarkers of psychological stress.^[114]

Cohen et al. found that "lower socioeconomic status and being black were associated with higher evening levels of cortisol. These relationships were independent of one another and socioeconomic status associations with cortisol were similar across racial categories."^[115]

References[edit source | edit]

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^ ^a ^b Sandle GI, Keir MJ, Record CO (1981). "The effect of hydrocortisone on the transport of water, sodium, and glucose in the jejunum. Perfusion studies in normal subjects and patients with coeliac disease". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 16 (5): 667–71. doi:10.3109/00365528109182028. PMID 7323700.
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^ Gorbman A, Dickhoff WW, Vigna SR, Clark NB, Muller AF (1983). Comparative endocrinology. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-06266-9.
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^ Barger AC, Berlin RD, Tulenko JF (June 1958). "Infusion of aldosterone, 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone and antidiuretic hormone into the renal artery of normal and adrenalectomized, unanesthetized dogs: effect on electrolyte and water excretion". Endocrinology 62 (6): 804–15. doi:10.1210/endo-62-6-804. PMID 13548099.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved 8 November 2009^{[better source needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
^ ^a ^b Converted from µg/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol
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^ ^a ^b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Cortisol - urine
^ ^a ^b Converted from nmol/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol
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External links[edit source | edit]

Dosage Side Effects and Drug Interaction Warnings
Cortisol (serum/plasma) at Lab Tests Online
Cortisol: analyte monograph - The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine

How to stay healthy with Cortisol

Related Pictures

millerquin: TRABAJO FINAL Acheter creme hydrocortisone Corticosteroids | Pet Poison Helpline Hydrocortisone Valerate topical - Хыдроцортисоне Валерате Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions Hydrocortisone - Cosmo Bio Co.,Ltd.

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ヒドロコルチゾン」

「ヒドロコルチゾン」

Cortisol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(11β)-11,17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682206
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	Pharmacist only (AU) POM (UK) OTC for topical administration; Rx-only for oral tablets and intravenous therapy (US)
Routes	Oral tablets, intravenous, topical
Identifiers
CAS number	50-23-7
ATC code	A01AC03 A07EA02 C05AA01 D07AA02 H02AB09 S01BA02 S01CB03 S02BA01
PubChem	CID 5754
DrugBank	DB07886
ChemSpider	5551
UNII	WI4X0X7BPJ
KEGG	D00088
ChEBI	CHEBI:17650
ChEMBL	CHEMBL389621
Chemical data
Formula	C21H30O5
Mol. mass	362.460 g/mol
	SMILES O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3([C@@](O)(C(=O)CO)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H30O5/c1-19-7-5-13(23)9-12(19)3-4-14-15-6-8-21(26,17(25)11-22)20(15,2)10-16(24)18(14)19/h9,14-16,18,22,24,26H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1 ; Key:JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify);

　　[★]

英: hydrocortisone HDC
同: コルチゾール cortisol
化: コハク酸ヒドロコルチゾン、酢酸ヒドロコルチゾン、酪酸プロピオン酸ヒドロコルチゾン
商: ロコイド、ハーユロン、パンデル、アボコート、クレイトン、コートリル、サクシゾン、ソル・コーテフ、HCゾロン、ハイドロコートン。; 酪酸プロピオン酸ヒドロコルチゾン：イトロン; (クロルヘキシジン、ジフェンヒドラミン、ヒドロコルチゾン、ベンザルコニウム)デスパ。(ヒドロコルチゾン、フラジオマイシン、ジフェンヒドラミン)レスタミン。(ヒノキチオール、ヒドロコルチゾン、アミノ安息香酸エチル)ヒノポロン。(クロタミトン、ヒドロコルチゾン)オイラックス。(混合死菌浮遊液、ヒドロコルチゾン)エキザルベ。(オキシテトラサイクリン、ヒドロコルチゾン)テラ・コートリル。(ヒドロコルチゾン、フラジオマイシン、ジブカイン、エスクロシド)プロクトセディル、ヘモレックス。(大腸菌死菌浮遊液、ヒドロコルチゾン)ポステリザン; Penecort
関: 副腎皮質ホルモン

添付文書

サクシゾン静注用500mg／＊サクシゾン静注用1000mg

http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/2452400D6078_2_01/2452400D6078_2_01?view=body

[About-1] Scott E (2011-09-22). "Cortisol and Stress: How to Stay Healthy". About.com. Retrieved 2011-11-29. ^{[better source needed]}

[Marieb-2] Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2010). Human Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-321-60261-7.

[Martin_2003-3] Martin PA, Crump MH (2003). "The adrenal gland". In Dooley MP, Pineda MH. McDonald's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction (5th ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. ISBN 0-8138-1106-6.

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[cortisol-derived-51] Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol

[cortisol-mass-52] Converted from µg/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol

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