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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/04/02 22:08:36」(JST)
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PC² is the Programming Contest Control System developed at California State University, Sacramento in support of Computer Programming Contest activities of the ACM, and in particular the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest. It was used to conduct the ACM ICPC World Finals until 2008. As of 2009, the ACM ICPC World Finals switched to using Kattis, the KTH automated teaching tool.
Contents
- 1 Computer programming contests and PC²
- 2 A brief revision history
- 3 Notes
- 4 See also
- 5 External links
- 6 Other uses
Computer programming contests and PC²
Computer programming contest have rules and methods for judging submissions. The following describes in a general way a contest where PC2 is used.
A computer programming contest is a competition where teams submit (computer program) solutions to judges. The teams are given a set of booti for solution of computer problems to solve in a limited amount of time (for example 5 hours). The judges then give pass/fail judgements to the submitted solutions. Team rankings are computed based on the solutions, when the solutions were submitted and how many attempts were made to solve the problem. The judges test in a Black box testing where the teams do not have access to the judges' test data.
PC2 manages single or multi-site programming contests. It provides a team a way to login, test solutions, submit solutions and view judgements from judges. PC2 provides judges a way to request team solutions (from a PC2 server) run/execute the solution and enter a judgment. The PC2 scoreboard module computes and creates standings and statistics web pages (HTML/XML)
PC2 was in use by the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest from 1994-2008. In the 2008 Contest there were sites in Vancouver BC (Canada), Eugene Oregon, Stanford California, Spokane Washington and Laie (Oahu) Hawaii. SACS (University of Central Punjab, Lahore) PC2 has been in use by the ACM Pacific Northwest Programming Contest since 1989.
PC2 has been in use by the ACM Mid-Atlantic Programming Contest for several years. In earlier years, systems administrators had limited success with the program due to its distributed nature. Each of the contest sites ran a PC2 server which needed to initiate and accept Java RMI. Using a central datacenter in the Fall of 2005 revealed no problems.
With the introduction of version 9 (socket-based version) delays, most firewall issues with version 8 have been addressed.
A brief revision history
Version |
Year |
Features |
Transport Method |
Programming Language |
1.0 |
1989 |
Initial Release MS-DOS |
floppy disk |
Turbo Pascal |
2.0 |
1990 |
Multi-site via Kermit |
floppy disk |
Turbo Pascal |
4.2B |
1994 |
LAN based contest |
floppy disk/LAN |
Turbo Pascal |
6.1 |
1996 |
Windows version |
Local LAN |
Visual Basic |
7.0 |
1998 |
Java Windows, FreeBSD, or Linux |
Java RMI |
Java |
9.0 |
2008 |
Single Site Admin |
socket |
Java |
[1]
Notes
See also
- ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest
- Online Judge
External links
- Official website
- PC2 Wiki
Other uses
- PC² is the abbreviation of the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing, an institute of the Paderborn University, Germany (http://www.upb.de/pc2)
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Reassessing regime shifts in the North Pacific: incremental climate change and commercial fishing are necessary for explaining decadal-scale biological variability.
- Litzow MA, Mueter FJ, Hobday AJ.Author information Blue World Research, 2710 E. 20th Ave., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.AbstractIn areas of the North Pacific that are largely free of overfishing, climate regime shifts - abrupt changes in modes of low-frequency climate variability - are seen as the dominant drivers of decadal-scale ecological variability. We assessed the ability of leading modes of climate variability [Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific-North American Pattern (PNA), North Pacific Index (NPI), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)] to explain decadal-scale (1965-2008) patterns of climatic and biological variability across two North Pacific ecosystems (Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea). Our response variables were the first principle component (PC1) of four regional climate parameters [sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), freshwater input, ice cover], and PCs 1-2 of 36 biological time series [production or abundance for populations of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), groundfish, herring (Clupea pallasii), shrimp, and jellyfish]. We found that the climate modes alone could not explain ecological variability in the study region. Both linear models (for climate PC1) and generalized additive models (for biology PC1-2) invoking only the climate modes produced residuals with significant temporal trends, indicating that the models failed to capture coherent patterns of ecological variability. However, when the residual climate trend and a time series of commercial fishery catches were used as additional candidate variables, resulting models of biology PC1-2 satisfied assumptions of independent residuals and out-performed models constructed from the climate modes alone in terms of predictive power. As measured by effect size and Akaike weights, the residual climate trend was the most important variable for explaining biology PC1 variability, and commercial catch the most important variable for biology PC2. Patterns of climate sensitivity and exploitation history for taxa strongly associated with biology PC1-2 suggest plausible mechanistic explanations for these modeling results. Our findings suggest that, even in the absence of overfishing and in areas strongly influenced by internal climate variability, climate regime shift effects can only be understood in the context of other ecosystem perturbations.
- Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2014 Jan;20(1):38-50. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12373. Epub 2013 Nov 17.
- In areas of the North Pacific that are largely free of overfishing, climate regime shifts - abrupt changes in modes of low-frequency climate variability - are seen as the dominant drivers of decadal-scale ecological variability. We assessed the ability of leading modes of climate variability [Pacifi
- PMID 23996901
- The metabolic signature associated with the Western dietary pattern: a cross-sectional study.
- Bouchard-Mercier A, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl MC.Author information Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd,, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada. marie-claude.vohl@fsaa.ulaval.ca.AbstractBACKGROUND: Metabolic profiles have been shown to be associated to obesity status and insulin sensitivity. Dietary intakes influence metabolic pathways and therefore, different dietary patterns may relate to modifications in metabolic signatures. The objective was to verify associations between dietary patterns and metabolic profiles composed of amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs).
- Nutrition journal.Nutr J.2013 Dec 11;12(1):158. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-158.
- BACKGROUND: Metabolic profiles have been shown to be associated to obesity status and insulin sensitivity. Dietary intakes influence metabolic pathways and therefore, different dietary patterns may relate to modifications in metabolic signatures. The objective was to verify associations between diet
- PMID 24330454
- Assessment of some remote sensing techniques used to detect land use/land cover changes in South-East Transilvania, Romania.
- Vorovencii I.Author information Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania, iosif.vorovencii@unitbv.ro.AbstractThis paper assesses the image differencing technique for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the second principal component (PC2), and the TM 4 band (TM 4), as well as the post-classification comparison (PCC) in order to analyze the land use/land cover changes in the South-East Transilvania, Romania. The analysis was performed using two frames from Landsat 5 TM satellite images acquired on August 5, 1993 and July 24, 2009. After applying the NDVI, PC2, and TM 4 image differencing techniques, the images obtained were transformed into change/no change maps. The thresholds identified to highlight the changes were set at 0.6 s for NDVI and 0.7 s for PC2 and TM 4. Before applying the PCC technique, the satellite images were classified through the supervised classification method. The overall accuracy obtained was 85.91 % and the kappa statistics 0.8249 for 1993, 88.18 % and 0.8497 for 2009, respectively. The assessment of the changes detection methods in the studied area shows that the first place is occupied by NDVI image differencing with an overall accuracy of 83.80 %, followed by PCC method with 83.20 %, PC2 difference with an overall accuracy of 81.60 %, and TM 4 difference with an overall accuracy of 79.40 %.
- Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2013 Dec 10. [Epub ahead of print]
- This paper assesses the image differencing technique for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the second principal component (PC2), and the TM 4 band (TM 4), as well as the post-classification comparison (PCC) in order to analyze the land use/land cover changes in the South-East Transi
- PMID 24323320
Japanese Journal
- Evaluation of 4-bit Array Multiplier of Adiabatic Logic Family (コンピュータシステム)
- 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 117(345), 27-30, 2017-12-14
- NAID 40021433466
- Evaluation of 4-bit Array Multiplier of Adiabatic Logic Family (集積回路)
- 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 117(344), 27-30, 2017-12-14
- NAID 40021432830
- Evaluation of 4-bit Array Multiplier of Adiabatic Logic Family (回路とシステム)
- 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 117(343), 27-30, 2017-12-14
- NAID 40021432125
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