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1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development経済協力開発機構

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/31 02:00:27」(JST)

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経済協力開発機構
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD)

OECDのロゴ
設立年	1948年4月16日 OEECの設立 1961年9月30日 OECDに改組
本部	フランス パリ 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16 France 北緯48度51分43秒 東経2度16分10.9秒
メンバー	34ヶ国 20ヶ国：設立時 (1961年)
公用語	英語、フランス語
事務局長	アンヘル・グリア
ウェブサイト	http://www.oecd.org

0 濃い青。発足当初の国々 (1961年)

0 青。その後の加盟国

経済協力開発機構（けいざいきょうりょくかいはつきこう、英: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD、仏: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE）は、ヨーロッパ、北米等の先進国によって、国際経済全般について協議することを目的とした国際機関。本部はパリに置かれ、公用語は英語とフランス語。「先進国クラブ」とも呼ばれる。

目的

以下の3つを目的としている（OECD条約第1条）

経済成長

できる限りの経済成長、雇用の増大、生活水準の向上を図ること

開発

経済発展途上にある諸地域の経済の健全な拡大に寄与すること

貿易

多目的かつ無差別な世界貿易の拡大に寄与すること

トピックス

OECDが扱っているトピックスは広範囲にわたっており、次のようなものがある。

• Agriculture and fisheries (農業と漁業)
• Bribery and corruption (汚職・腐敗)
• Chemical safety and biosafety (化学安全と生物安全)
• Competition (競争)
• Corporate governance (企業統治)
• Development (開発)
• Economy (経済)
• Education (教育)
• Employment (雇用)
• Environment (環境)
• Finance (会計)
• Green growth and sustainable development　(グリーン成長と持続可能な発展)
• Health (健康)
• Industry and entrepreneurship (産業と起業)
• Innovation (技術革新)
• Insurance and pensions (保険と年金)
• International migration (移民)
• Internet (インターネット)
• Investment (投資)
• Public governance (公共管理)
• Regional, rural and urban development (地域・地方・都市開発)
• Regulatory reform (制度改革)
• Science and technology (科学と技術)
• Social and welfare issues (社会と福祉問題)
• Tax (税金)
• Trade (通商)

沿革

1948年、第二次世界大戦後の疲弊しきったヨーロッパ経済を活性化、救済させるために、アメリカ合衆国によるヨーロッパ復興支援計画を目的としているマーシャル・プランの受け入れを整備する機関として、ヨーロッパ16か国が参加して欧州経済協力機構 (OEEC) が設立された。

1950年、OEECにアメリカ合衆国とカナダが準加盟国として参加。

1961年、ヨーロッパ経済の復興に伴い、欧州と北米が自由主義経済や貿易で対等な関係として発展・協力を行う目的として、発展的に改組され、現在の経済協力開発機構 (OECD) が創立された。

1964年以降、従来の枠である西欧と北米という地理的制限を取り払い、アジア、東欧にも加盟国を拡大した。日本は早くからOECD加盟に関心を示し、枠拡大直後の1964年4月28日に加盟した。

1990年代に入り、冷戦構造が崩壊すると、かつてマーシャル・プランの復興支援の対象として外れていた東欧諸国や新興工業国が加盟するようになり、今に至る。

OECD理事会

理事会は機構の最高機関であり、全ての加盟国が参加する閣僚理事会（年1回開催）と常任代表による通常理事会（頻繁に開催）を招集される。 下部組織は、12分野（経済政策・貿易・金融・開発・環境・食料・科学技術・原子力・教育）に分かれ、35の委員会で構成されている。

開発援助委員会 (DAC)

2009年3月30日、同委員会は、DAC加盟22か国の2008年の政府開発援助 (ODA) 実績の暫定値を発表した。それによると、22か国のODA 総額は1,198億ドル（前年比10.2%増加）、日本円で約11兆5千億円、と過去最高額に達した。しかし、対国民所得 (GNI) 比をみると、加盟国平均は前年の0.28%から微増して0.3%。国連が目標としている0.7%を大きく下回っている。国別では、米国260億1千万ドル、ドイツ139億1千万ドル、英国114億1千ドル、フランス109億6千万ドル、日本93億6千万ドル（5位）。国連目標を満たしているのはデンマーク、ルクセンブルク、オランダ、ノルウェー、スウェーデンの5か国のみ。

加盟国

現在の加盟国は以下の34か国。

発足当初の原加盟国（アルファベット順）

• オーストリア
• ベルギー
• カナダ
• デンマーク
• フランス
• ドイツ
• ギリシャ
• アイスランド
• アイルランド
• イタリア
• ルクセンブルク
• オランダ
• ノルウェー
• ポルトガル
• スペイン
• スウェーデン
• スイス
• トルコ
• イギリス
• アメリカ合衆国

その後の加盟国（加盟順）

• 日本（1964年4月28日）
• フィンランド（1969年1月28日）
• オーストラリア（1971年6月7日）
• ニュージーランド（1973年5月29日）
• メキシコ（1994年5月18日）
• チェコ（1995年12月21日）
• ハンガリー（1996年5月7日）
• ポーランド（1996年11月22日）
• 韓国（1996年12月12日）
• スロバキア（2000年12月14日）
• チリ（2010年5月7日）
• スロベニア（2010年7月21日）
• イスラエル（2010年9月7日）
• エストニア（2010年12月9日）

加盟申請国

• ロシア（2007年5月）

キー・パートナー国

加盟を視野に入れたOECD側の調査開始を理事会が事務総長に請求（2007年5月）。

• ブラジル
• 中国
• インド
• インドネシア
• 南アフリカ共和国

その他

上記の加盟申請国、関与強化国のほか、 香港、 中華民国（台湾）（「 チャイニーズタイペイ」として参加）、 シンガポールなど、多数の国や地域がオブザーバーとしてOECDの種々の機関の活動に参加している。

事務局職員

OECD事務局職員は、国際公務員として、出身国等の特定の国家の利益のためではなく、国際社会の共通の利益のために、中立の立場で働くことが求められる。OECD事務局職員は外交官が有する外交特権と同一の便益が与えられる。

OECD事務局においては、ポストに空席ができた際に、空席公告によって後任者を公募することが一般的である。このため、応募者には経験と実務能力が必要とされる。応募資格は各機関・各役職ごとに定められるが、一般に以下の要件を満たすことが求められる。

• 語学：英語およびフランス語で職務を行えること
• 学位：修士号以上の学位を有すること
• 専門性：学位取得分野での実務経験等を有すること

日本人職員

1990年から1996年まで谷口誠（外務省出身）が日本人として初めて事務次長を務め、1997年に事務総長特別顧問となった。その後も1997年から1999年まで重原久美春（日本銀行出身）、1999年から2003年まで近藤誠一（外務省出身）、2003年から2007年まで赤阪清隆（外務省出身）、2007年から2011年まで天野万利（外務省出身）、2011年から玉木林太郎（財務省出身）がそれぞれ、事務次長を務める。

またOECD事務局で最有力局といわれる経済総局では、重原久美春が、1970年代の初めから日本銀行から時を隔てて4回に亘って勤務し、この間、エコノミスト、シニア・エコノミスト、金融調査課長、政策調査局次長、政策調査局長を経て1992年に総局長（チーフ・エコノミスト）に昇進した。主要国際機関のチーフ・エコノミストとして永らく国際舞台で活躍した日本人は重原のほかにはいない。重原は1997年にはOECD事務次長に就任し、人口高齢化など経済社会問題に関するOECD事務局の活動を統括したほか、中国やロシアなどOECD非加盟国とOECDの協力関係を深めるために尽力した。

統計指数

OECD諸国についての様々な統計指数を示す。

国	面積 (km2) 2010	人口 2011	国内総生産 (PPT) (Intl. $) 2011	国内総生産 (一人当りPPT) (Intl. $) 2011	所得不平等 1993-2009 (直近値)	人間開発 2011	失敗国家 (FSI) 2012	腐敗認識 2011	経済自由指数 2011	世界平和度 2012	世界報道自由 2011/2012	民主主義 2011
オーストラリア	7,741,220	22,620,600	892,739,612,442	39,466	35.2	0.929	29.2	8.8	82.5	1.494	4.00	9.22
オーストリア	83,870	8,419,000	354,628,026,975	42,122	29.2	0.885	27.5	7.8	71.9	1.328	-8.00	8.49
ベルギー	30,530	11,008,000	425,276,544,386	38,633	33.0	0.886	33.5	7.5	70.2	1.376	-2.00	8.05
カナダ	9,984,670	34,482,779	1,397,983,465,565	40,541	32.6	0.908	26.8	8.7	80.8	1.317	-5.67	9.08
チリ	756,090	17,269,525	295,740,683,117	17,125	52.1	0.805	43.5	7.2	77.4	1.616	29.00	7.54
チェコ	78,870	10,546,000	273,662,146,638	25,949	25.8	0.865	39.5	4.4	70.4	1.396	-5.00	8.19
デンマーク	43,090	5,574,000	228,616,450,630	41,015	24.7	0.895	23.0	9.4	78.6	1.239	-5.67	9.52
エストニア	45,230	1,340,000	30,024,533,557	22,406	36.0	0.835	47.5	6.4	75.2	1.715	-9.00	7.61
フィンランド	338,420	5,387,000	202,446,166,977	37,581	26.9	0.882	20.0	9.4	74.0	1.348	-10.00	9.06
フランス	549,190	65,436,552	2,302,945,703,407	35,194	32.7	0.884	33.6	7.0	64.6	1.710	9.50	7.77
ドイツ	357,120	81,726,000	3,221,135,411,591	39,414	28.3	0.905	31.7	8.0	71.8	1.424	-3.00	8.34
ギリシャ	131,960	11,304,000	303,987,090,775	26,892	34.3	0.861	50.4	3.4	60.3	1.976	24.00	7.65
ハンガリー	93,030	9,971,000	216,752,108,474	21,738	31.2	0.816	48.3	4.6	66.6	1.476	10.00	7.04
アイスランド	103,000	319,000	11,839,614,943	37,115	N/A	0.898	29.1	8.3	68.2	1.113	-7.00	9.65
アイルランド	70,280	4,487,000	186,848,293,971	41,642	34.3	0.908	26.5	7.5	78.7	1.328	-4.00	8.56
イスラエル	22,070	7,765,700	217,492,394,269	28,007	39.2	0.888	N/Aa	5.8	68.5	2.842	31.25	7.53
イタリア	301,340	60,770,000	1,979,219,444,356	32,569	36.0	0.874	45.8	3.9	60.3	1.690	19.67	7.74
日本	377,940	127,817,277	4,381,290,159,229	34,278	24.9	0.901	43.5	8.0	72.8	1.326	-1.00	8.08
韓国	99,900	49,779,000	1,503,604,062,678	30,206	31.6	0.897	37.6	5.4	69.8	1.734	12.67	8.06
ルクセンブルク	2,590	517,000	45,902,664,436	88,787	30.8	0.867	25.5	8.5	76.2	1.341c	-7.00	8.88
メキシコ	1,964,380	114,793,341	1,760,946,368,455	15,340	48.3	0.770	73.6	3.0	67.8	2.445	72.67	6.93
オランダ	41,540	16,696,000	723,585,287,472	43,339	30.9	0.910	28.1	8.9	74.7	1.606	-9.00	8.99
ニュージーランド	267,710	4,405,200	131,507,519,463c	30,108c	36.2	0.908	25.6	9.5	82.3	1.239	-5.33	9.26
ノルウェー	323,780	4,952,000	282,720,915,051	57,092	25.8	0.943	23.9	9.0	70.3	1.480	-10.00	9.80
ポーランド	312,680	38,216,000	813,292,967,101	21,281	34.1	0.813	44.3	5.5	64.1	1.524	-0.67	7.12
ポルトガル	92,090	10,637,000	270,649,574,742	25,444	38.5	0.809	34.2	6.1	64.0	1.470	5.33	7.81
スロバキア	49,040	5,440,000	132,919,954,401	24,434	26.0	0.834	47.4	4.0	69.5	1.590	0.00	7.35
スロベニア	20,270	2,052,000	56,573,135,942	27,570	31.2	0.884	34.0	5.9	64.6	1.330	9.14	7.76
スペイン	505,370	46,235,000	1,511,951,580,566	32,701	34.7	0.878	42.8	6.2	70.2	1.548	9.75	8.02
スウェーデン	450,300	9,453,000	391,800,201,817	41,447	25.0	0.904	21.3	9.3	71.9	1.419	-5.50	9.50
スイス	41,280	7,907,000	378,088,821,911	47,817	33.7	0.903	23.3	8.8	81.9	1.349	-6.20	9.09
トルコ	783,560	73,639,596	1,243,426,691,409	16,885	39.0	0.699	76.6	4.2	64.2	2.344	70.00	5.72
イギリス	243,610	62,641,000	2,287,071,689,227	36,511	36.0	0.863	35.3	7.8	74.5	1.609	2.00	8.16
アメリカ	9,831,510	311,591,917	15,094,000,000,000	48,442	40.8	0.910	34.8	7.1	77.8	2.058	14.00	8.11
zzzOECDb	36,137,530	1,245,198,487	43,550,669,285,973	34,993d	33.3	0.871	36.6	6.9	71.7	1.590	6.44	8.23

^a The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel, but rather supplies a figure (82.2) for "イスラエル/ヨルダン川西岸地区".
^b OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 4 through 12.
^c Data are for 2010.
^d Does not include ニュージーランド.
Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).

	ベスト４
	上位層 (2nd to 3rd 分位数)
	下位層 (1st to 2nd quartile)
	ワースト４

関連項目

• 国際機関
• 開発援助委員会 (DAC)
• 国際エネルギー機関 (IEA)
• 経済協力開発機構原子力機関 (NEA)
• OECD多国籍企業行動指針
• OECD生徒の学習到達度調査 (PISA)
• 法整備支援

脚注

外部リンク

• 公式サイト
• OECD東京センター
• 経済協力開発機構（OECD） 外務省
• OECD日本政府代表部

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Not to be confused with Economic Cooperation Organization.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Current members   Announced interest in membership
Secretariat		Paris, France
Official languages		English French
Membership		34 states Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
Leaders
-	Secretary-General	José Ángel Gurría
Establishment
-	as the OEECa	16 April 1948
-	reformed as the OECD	30 September 1961
Website www.OECD.org
a.	Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); (French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and co-ordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan (which was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states) by allocating American financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II, where similar efforts in the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 of the United States of America, which stipulated the Marshall Plan that had also taken places elsewhere in the world to war-torn Republic of China and post-war Korea, but the American recovery program in Europe was the most successful one. In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France.

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it was headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic issues.

In the 1950s, the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

By the end of the 1950s, with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively done, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose, but could be adapted to fulfill a more global mission. It would be a hard-fought task, and after several sometimes fractious meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris starting in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would deal not only with European and Atlantic economic issues, but devise policies to assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members. It would also set to work straight away on bringing in Japan.

Foundation of the OECD

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. The official founding members are the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Dominion of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portuguese Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Swiss Confederation, the Turkish Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution.

More than just increasing its internal structure, OECD progressively created agencies: the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organizations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization" (see -ise/-ize).

Enlargement to Central Europe

  Founder states (1961)

  Member states which joined the OECD after 1961

In 1989, after the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the OECD started to assist these countries to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the cooperation with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. This programme also included a membership option for these countries. As a result of this, in 1994–2000 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Mexico and the Republic of Korea became members of the organisation.

Reform and further enlargement

In the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey. In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD. Slovenia also applied for membership that same year. In 2005, Malta applied to join the organization. The EU is lobbying for admission of all EU member states. Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by the Romanian Prime-Minister Victor-Viorel Ponta to the OECD Secretary-General, Angel Gurria. In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it will apply for full membership before the OECD Secretariat.

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership. As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement. Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010.

In 2011, President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia express the country's willingness to join the organization during a speech at the OECD headquarters.

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Peru, Costa Rica, and Malaysia.

Objectives and activities

One of a number of posters created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe.

Aim

The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions and with other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

• to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and
• to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

International investments and multinational enterprises

Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.

The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy and the future of the Internet economy.

PISA

Further information: Programme for International Student Assessment

The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is an assessment that allows educational performances to be examined on a common measure across countries.

Taxation

See also: FATF Blacklist

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings).

Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries, which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement. The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens". In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.

On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and that host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries that encourage tax fraud.

Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment: www.oecd.org/libraryandarchives.

Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. The publications are updated accordingly to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
• The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. The Factbook mainly focus on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.
• The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.

Magazine

• OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine, launched in 1962. The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation. The online and mobile editions are updated regularly. News, analysis, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains book reviews and special section listing the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.
• The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Ángel Gurría), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized in Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat. This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations. In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
• Development Co-operation Directorate
• Directorate for Education
• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry
• Economics Department
• Environment Directorate
• Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
• Statistics Directorate
• Trade and Agriculture Directorate
• General Secretariat
• Executive Directorate
• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around US$510 million (€342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product. The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions that are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

Secretaries-General

• 1948–1955   Robert Marjolin
• 1955–1960   René Sergent
• 1960–1969   Thorkil Kristensen
• 1969–1984   Emiel van Lennep
• 1984–1994   Jean-Claude Paye
• 1994   Staffan Sohlman (interim)
• 1994–1996   Jean-Claude Paye
• 1996–2006   Don Johnston
• 2006–present   José Ángel Gurría

Committees

Representatives of the 34 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.

Special bodies

• Africa Partnership Forum
• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
• Development Assistance Committee
• OECD Development Centre
• Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE)
• International Transport Forum (ITF) (formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
• Sahel and West Africa Club
• Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

Member countries

Current members

There are currently 34 members of the OECD.

Country	Membership	Geographic location	Notes
Australia	01971-06-077 June 1971	Oceania
Austria	01961-09-2929 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Belgium	01961-09-1313 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Canada	01961-04-1010 April 1961	North America
Chile	02010-05-077 May 2010	South America
Czech Republic	01995-12-2121 December 1995	Europe
Denmark	01961-05-3030 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Estonia	02010-12-099 December 2010	Europe
Finland	01969-01-2828 January 1969	Europe
France	01961-08-077 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Germany	01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany). Previously represented by the Trizone.
Greece	01961-09-2727 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Hungary	01996-05-077 May 1996	Europe
Iceland	01961-06-055 June 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Ireland	01961-08-1717 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Israel	02010-09-077 September 2010	Asia
Italy	01962-03-2929 March 1962	Europe	OEEC member.
Japan	01964-04-2828 April 1964	Asia
South Korea	01996-12-1212 December 1996	Asia
Luxembourg	01961-12-077 December 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Mexico	01994-05-1818 May 1994	North America
Netherlands	01961-11-1313 November 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
New Zealand	01973-05-2929 May 1973	Oceania
Norway	01961-07-044 July 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Poland	01996-11-2222 November 1996	Europe
Portugal	01961-08-044 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Slovakia	02000-12-1414 December 2000	Europe
Slovenia	02010-07-2121 July 2010	Europe
Spain	01961-08-033 August 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1958.
Sweden	01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Switzerland	01961-09-2828 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
Turkey	01961-08-022 August 1961	Eurasia	OEEC member.
United Kingdom	01961-05-022 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member.
United States	01961-04-1212 April 1961	North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.

Former members

• Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (member of the OEEC until 1954).

Invited countries

• Colombia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Colombia.
• Latvia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Latvia.
• Russia: In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.

Countries Starting Accession Negotiations in 2015

• Costa Rica
• Lithuania

Relations with non-members

  OECD members

  Accession candidate countries

  Enhanced engagement countries

Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members.

On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement. The countries listed are key partners to the OECD. The countries contribute to the OECD's work in a sustained and comprehensive manner by direct and active participation in substantive bodies of the Organisation determined by mutual interest.

The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.

Criticism

See also: OECD controversy

The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations. In 1997–1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.

Indicators

The following table shows various data for OECD member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various indices, including human development, viability of the state, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country	Area (km²) 2010	Population 2011	GDP (PPP) (Intl. $) 2011	GDP (PPP) per capita (Intl. $) 2011	Income inequality 1993-2009 (latest available)	HDI 2012	FSI 2012	CPI 2012	IEF 2013	GPI 2012	WPFI 2013	DI 2012
Australia	7,741,220	22,620,600	898,512,809,372	39,721	35.19	0.938	29.2	85	82.6	1.494	15.24	9.22
Austria	83,870	8,419,000	355,245,378,485	42,196	29.15	0.895	27.5	69	71.8	1.328	9.40	8.62
Belgium	30,530	11,008,000	426,762,403,781	38,768	32.97	0.897	33.5	75	69.2	1.376	12.94	8.05
Canada	9,984,670	34,482,779	1,392,055,481,883	40,370	32.56	0.911	26.8	84	79.4	1.317	12.69	9.08
Chile	756,090	17,269,525	298,940,314,486	17,310	52.06	0.819	43.5	72	79.0	1.616	26.24	7.54
Czech Republic	78,870	10,546,000	276,386,271,882	26,208	25.82	0.873	39.5	49	70.9	1.396	10.17	8.19
Denmark	43,090	5,574,000	228,020,050,054	40,908	24.70	0.901	23.0	90	76.1	1.239	7.08	9.52
Estonia	45,230	1,340,000	29,473,766,950	21,995	36.00	0.846	47.5	64	75.3	1.715	9.26	7.61
Finland	338,420	5,387,000	201,820,044,684	37,464	26.88	0.892	20.0	90	74.0	1.348	6.38	9.06
France	549,190	65,436,552	2,306,351,054,386	35,246	32.74	0.893	33.6	71	64.1	1.710	21.60	7.88
Germany	357,120	81,726,000	3,227,443,592,982	39,491	28.31	0.920	31.7	79	72.8	1.424	10.24	8.34
Greece	131,960	11,304,000	292,203,261,650	25,850	34.27	0.860	50.4	36	55.4	1.976	28.46	7.65
Hungary	93,030	9,971,000	215,998,180,761	21,663	31.18	0.831	48.3	55	67.3	1.476	26.09	6.96
Iceland	103,000	319,000	11,638,577,099	36,485	N/A	0.906	29.1	82	72.1	1.113	8.49	9.65
Ireland	70,280	4,487,000	187,025,548,870	41,682	34.28	0.916	26.5	69	75.7	1.328	10.06	8.56
Israel	22,070	7,765,700	216,079,693,715	27,825	39.20	0.900	N/Aa	60	66.9	2.842	32.97	7.53
Italy	301,340	60,770,000	1,983,986,444,788	32,647	36.03	0.881	45.8	42	60.6	1.690	26.11	7.74
Japan	377,940	127,817,277	4,385,868,422,359	34,314	24.85	0.912	43.5	74	71.8	1.326	25.17	8.08
Korea, South	99,900	49,779,000	1,507,613,978,433	30,286	31.59	0.909	37.6	56	70.3	1.734	24.48	8.13
Luxembourg	2,590	517,000	46,019,166,992	89,012	30.76	0.875	25.5	80	74.2	N/A	6.68	8.88
Mexico	1,964,380	114,793,341	1,752,459,224,980	15,266	48.28	0.775	73.6	34	67.0	2.445	45.30	6.90
Netherlands	41,540	16,696,000	714,117,490,892	42,772	30.90	0.921	28.1	84	73.5	1.606	6.48	8.99
New Zealand	267,710	4,405,200	132,408,062,150	30,057	36.17	0.919	25.6	90	81.4	1.239	8.38	9.26
Norway	323,780	4,952,000	299,127,490,519	60,405	25.79	0.955	23.9	85	70.5	1.480	6.52	9.93
Poland	312,680	38,216,000	812,494,566,259	21,261	34.07	0.821	44.3	58	66.0	1.524	13.11	7.12
Portugal	92,090	10,637,000	269,881,710,664	25,372	38.45	0.816	34.2	63	63.1	1.470	16.75	7.92
Slovakia	49,040	5,440,000	130,072,522,474	23,910	26.00	0.840	47.4	46	68.7	1.590	13.25	7.35
Slovenia	20,270	2,052,000	55,309,752,671	26,954	31.15	0.892	34.0	61	61.7	1.330	20.49	7.88
Spain	505,370	46,235,000	1,481,582,918,562	32,045	34.66	0.885	42.8	65	68.0	1.548	20.50	8.02
Sweden	450,300	9,453,000	391,991,517,499	41,467	25.00	0.916	21.3	88	72.9	1.419	9.23	9.73
Switzerland	41,280	7,907,000	405,329,342,636	51,262	33.68	0.913	23.3	86	81.0	1.349	9.94	9.09
Turkey	783,560	73,639,596	1,259,982,327,611	17,110	38.95	0.722	76.6	49	62.9	2.344	46.56	5.76
United Kingdom	243,610	62,641,000	2,233,587,412,588	35,657	35.97	0.875	35.3	74	74.8	1.609	16.89	8.21
United States	9,831,510	311,591,917	14,991,300,000,000	48,112	40.81	0.937	34.8	73	76.0	2.058	18.22	8.11
zzzOECDb	36,137,530	1,245,198,487	43,417,088,783,117	34,868	33.29	0.881	36.6	69	71.1	1.590	17.10	8.25
Country	Area (km²) 2010	Population 2011	GDP (PPP) (Intl. $) 2011	GDP (PPP) per capita (Intl. $) 2011	Income inequality 1993-2009 (latest available)	HDI 2012	FSI 2012	CPI 2012	IEF 2013	GPI 2012	WPFI 2013	DI 2012

a The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel per se, but rather supplies an average (82.2) for "Israel / West Bank". b OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD weighted average used for indicator 4; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 5 through 12.

Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).

Highest quartile

Upper-mid (2nd to 3rd quartile)

Lower-mid (1st to 2nd quartile)

Lowest

See also

• Competition regulator
• Frascati Manual
• German Marshall Fund
• Good Laboratory Practice
• Gulf Co-operation Council
• International organisations in Europe
• OECD Better Life Index
• Official statistics
• OSCE countries statistics
• SourceOECD
• Transfer pricing

References

External links

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• OECD iLibrary – OECD's portal for books, reports, statistics, working papers and journals
• International Futures Programme
• OECD Forum
• Text of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
• The OECD Observer
• OECD Statistical portal
• OECD-UNDP Partnership for Democratic Governance
• Statistics
• Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
• OECD Factbook

Video clips

• OECD YouTube channel
• OECD French Language YouTube channel
• OECD Development Centre at YouTube

English Journal

• Assessing the resilience of urban areas to traffic-related air pollution: Application in Greater Paris.

• Cariolet JM1, Colombert M2, Vuillet M2, Diab Y2.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2018 Feb 15;615:588-596. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.334. Epub 2017 Oct 6.
• PMID 28988095

• Benthic invertebrate exposure and chronic toxicity risk analysis for cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes: Comparison of hazard quotient and probabilistic risk assessment approaches.

• Woodburn KB1, Seston RM2, Kim J3, Powell DE4.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2018 Feb;192:337-347. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.140. Epub 2017 Oct 28.
• PMID 29121563

• The European water-based environmental quality standard for pentachlorophenol is NOT protective of benthic organisms.

• Bettinetti R1, Kopp-Schneider A2, Vignati DAL3.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2018 Feb 1;613-614:39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.055. Epub 2017 Sep 26.
• PMID 28898810

Japanese Journal

• <資料紹介>国際的にみる日本の教員の勤務実態 : 2013年 OECD 国際教員指導環境調査 (TALIS) から

• 京都大学生涯教育フィールド研究 = Journal of lifelong education field studies 4, 97-105, 2016-03-06
• NAID 120005716329

• 国際課税における重要な課税原則の再検討(第18回)BEPS Action 5(有害税制)の主要論点をめぐるビジネス界・主な租税実務家の意見とOECD勧告に係る今後の展開

• 租税研究 (797), 375-447, 2016-03
• NAID 40020755394

• OECD諸国をめぐる近年の国際移住の動向 (特集 国際出入国管理セミナー(後))

• 国際人流 29(3), 4-8, 2016-03
• NAID 40020752699

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「108B014」「103B029」「105B016」「106G012」「113C001」
関連記事	「OEC」「OE」

「108B014」

　　[★]

• 我が国の精神保健福祉について正しいのはどれか。

• a　自殺者数は男性よりも女性の方が多い。
• b　精神疾患は医療法に基づく医療計画の 5疾病に含まれる。
• c　精神障害は障害者の雇用の促進等の法律の対象とならない。
• d　精神科の人口当たり入院病床数は他の OECD諸国に比べて少ない。
• e　精神疾患の自立支援医療費の支給は維持治療期になれば中止される。

[正答]

B

※国試ナビ4※　［108B013］←［国試_108］→［108B015］

「103B029」

　　[★]

• 我が国の母子保健で正しいのはどれか。2つ選べ。

• a. 母子健康センターは各都道府県に1か所設置されている。
• b. 妊産婦健康診査は母体保護法に基づき実施される。
• c. 妊産婦死亡率は経済協力開発機構 OECD加盟国で最も高い。
• d. 自然死産率を妊婦の年齢別にみると25～29歳が最も低い。
• e. 周産期死亡率は戦後改善している。

[正答]

DE

※国試ナビ4※　［103B028］←［国試_103］→［103B030］

「105B016」

　　[★]

• 我が国の近年の社会経済環境について正しいのはどれか。

• a　ジニ係数は年々低下している。
• b　生括保護の被保護者数は年々増加している。
• c　所得再分配の方法では社会保障の影響が減少傾向にある。
• d　OECD諸国の中では完全失業率が高い国の一つである。
• e　OECD諸国の中では相対的貧困率が低い国の一つである。

[正答]

B

※国試ナビ4※　［105B015］←［国試_105］→［105B017］

「106G012」

　　[★]

• 我が国の医療費について正しいのはどれか。

• a　国民医療費の対GDP比はOECD加盟国の中で上位である。
• b　国民医療費には介護保険による費用を含む。
• c　公的医療保険の自己負担率は同率である。
• d　生活保護では医療扶助の費用が最も多い。
• e　医療給付は主として現金給付である。

[正答]

D

※国試ナビ4※　［106G011］←［国試_106］→［106G013］

「113C001」

　　[★]

• ユニバーサル・ヘルス・カバレッジ(UHC)について中心的に取り組む国際機関はどれか。

• a　ILO
• b　WHO
• c　JICA
• d　OECD
• e　UNAIDS

[正答]

B

※国試ナビ4※　［113B049］←［国試_113］→［113C002］

「OEC」

　　[★]

同

oxygen-evolving center

同

oxygen-evolving center

「OE」

　　[★] 嗅上皮 olfactory epithelium