WordNet

an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
a member of the predominantly Muslim people in the southern Philippines
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
molybdenumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/28 16:00:55」(JST)

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The Moro reflex in a four-day-old infant: 1) the reflex is initiated by pulling the infant up from the floor and then releasing him; 2) he spreads his arms; 3) he pulls his arms in; 4) he cries (10 seconds)

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Moro reflex while sleeping

The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling. It involves three distinct components:

spreading out the arms (abduction)
unspreading the arms (adduction)
crying (usually)

The primary significance of the Moro reflex is in evaluating integration of the central nervous system. It is distinct from the startle reflex,^[1] and is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns.^{[citation needed]}

Interpretation

The Moro reflex may be observed in incomplete form in premature birth after the 28th week of gestation, and is usually present in complete form by week 34 (third trimester)^{[citation needed]}. Absence or asymmetry of either abduction or adduction is abnormal, as is persistence of the reflex in older infants, children and adults. Absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system or a generalised disturbance of the central nervous system. An absent or inadequate Moro response on one side is found in infants with hemiplegia, brachial plexus palsy, or a fractured clavicle. Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects.^[2] In individuals with cerebral palsy, persistence and exacerbation of this reflex is common.

History

The reflex was discovered and first described by Austrian pediatrician Ernst Moro (1874–1951).

Function

The Moro reflex may have developed in human evolution to help the infant cling to its mother while she carried it around all day. If the infant lost its balance, the reflex caused the infant to embrace its mother and regain its hold on the mother’s body.^[3]

References

^ Fletcher, Mary Ann (1998). Physical Diagnosis in Neonatology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. p. 472. ISBN 978-0397513864. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
^ Samuels, Martin A.; Ropper, Allan H. (2009). "Normal Development and Deviations in Development of the Nervous System". Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071499927. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
^ Berk, Laura E. (2009). Child Development (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-205-61559-9. Retrieved 7 February 2013.

External links

Medline Plus: Moro reflex
Video of the Moro Reflex from the University of Utah (Google Video)^{[dead link]}
Pathologic Moro Reflex in an adult following acute demyelinating lesion of unknown origin in medulla oblongata (Neurology)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
2. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children
3. 筋緊張低下および脱力を呈する幼児に対するアプローチ approach to the infant with hypotonia and weakness
4. 新生児における機械的人工呼吸 neonatal birth injuries
5. 新生児の評価 assessment of the newborn infant

English Journal

Clomipramine concentration and withdrawal symptoms in 10 neonates.

ter Horst PG, van der Linde S, Smit JP, den Boon J, van Lingen RA, Jansman FG, De Jong-van den Berg LT, Wilffert B.SourceUnit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. p.g.j.ter.horst@isala.nl
British journal of clinical pharmacology.Br J Clin Pharmacol.2012 Feb;73(2):295-302. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04072.x.
AIM: After in utero exposure to tricyclic antidepressants, neonatal withdrawal symptoms have been reported with an estimated incidence between 20 and 50%; however, few data are available for clomipramine. This could also be the case for neonatal pharmacokinetic clomipramine parameters and so this st
PMID 21801198

Assessment of Primitive Reflexes in High-risk Newborns.

Sohn M, Ahn Y, Lee S.SourceDepartment of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
Journal of clinical medicine research.J Clin Med Res.2011 Dec;3(6):285-90. Epub 2011 Nov 10.
BACKGROUND: Assessment of primitive reflexes is one of the earliest, simplest, and most frequently used assessment tools among health care providers for newborns and young infants. However, very few data exist for high-risk infants in this topic. Among the various primitive reflexes, this study was
PMID 22393339

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告 Moro反射のメカニズムと臨床的意義

二木康之,鳥邊泰久,鈴木保宏
小児科臨床 64(8), 1837-1842, 2011-08
NAID 40018896097

ビデオ式3次元動作解析システムを用いてのMoro反射の発達変化

飯山道郎,宮島祐,星加明徳
脳と発達 34(4), 307-312, 2002-07-01
NAID 10009485503

「原始反射」

　　[★]

英: primitive reflex
関: 反射

新生児期にみられ、中枢神経系の発達と共にやがて消失する反射
中枢神経系の発達の指標となる
原始反射の欠如は中枢神経系の障害を示す。
左右非対称性な原始反射は末梢性運動神経障害を示す。
原始反射消失の遅延は中枢性の運動神経の発達障害を意味する。

原始反射　(出典不明)

中枢	消失時期	反射
脊髄	～生後3ヶ月		magnet reflex
		歩行反射	stepping reflex
		把握反射	grasping reflex
		非対称性緊張性頚部反射	asymmetrical tonic neck reflex	背臥位にした新生児の頭を一方に向けると、顔の向いた方の上下肢は伸展し、後頭側の上下肢は屈曲する
脊髄-橋	～生後6ヶ月	モロー反射	Moro reflex	頭を持ち上げて急に落とす動作をした時に両上肢を開き、側方から正中方向に抱きつくような動き
		口唇探索反射	rooting reflex
		緊張性頚反射	tonic neck reflex	腹位水平抱きまたは座位で頚を背屈すると上肢が伸展、背筋が緊張し、頚を前屈すると上肢が屈曲し、体幹のトーヌスが減弱する
中脳	生後6ヶ月～5歳	立ち直り反射	righting reflex
		頚立ち直り反射
		体幹立ち直り反射
		視性立ち直り反射
大脳皮質中脳	生後8ヶ月～終生	パラシュート反射		水平位にして、突然頭を下げると腕が伸びて身体を支えようとすること。

反射の消長

反射		出現	消失
モロー反射	Moro reflex	生来	3～4
口唇探索反射	rooting reflex	生来	4～7
吸啜反射	sucking reflex	生来	4～7
手指把握反射	palmar grasp reflex	生来	6
足底反射	plantar grasp reflex	生来	10
バビンスキー反射	Babinski reflex	生来	24
緊張性頚反射	tonic neck reflex	2	6
Landau反射	Landau reflex	3	24
パラシュート反射		9	一生