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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylbutanamide
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| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | /loʊˈpɛrəmaɪd/ |
| Trade names | Imodium, others[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682280 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 0.3% |
| Protein binding | 97% |
| Metabolism | Liver (extensive) |
| Biological half-life | 9-14 hours[2] |
| Excretion | Faeces (30-40%), urine (1%) |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 53179-11-6 Y 34552-83-5 (with HCl) |
| ATC code | A07DA03 (WHO) A07DA05 (oxide) |
| PubChem | CID 3955 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 7215 |
| DrugBank | DB00836 N |
| ChemSpider | 3818 Y |
| UNII | 6X9OC3H4II Y |
| KEGG | D08144 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:6532 N |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL841 Y |
| Synonyms | R-18553 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C29H33ClN2O2 |
| Molar mass | 477.037 g/mol (513.506 with HCl) |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| NY (what is this?) (verify) | |
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium among others,[1] is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea.[2] It is often used for this purpose in gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and short bowel syndrome. It is not recommended for those with blood in the stool. The medication is taken by mouth.[2]
Common side effects include abdominal pain, constipation, sleepiness, vomiting, and a dry mouth. It may increase the risk of toxic megacolon.[2] Loperamide's safety in pregnancy is unclear, but there is no evidence of harm.[3] It appears to be safe in breastfeeding.[4] It is an opioid with no significant absorption from the gut and does not cross the blood brain barrier when used at normal doses.[5] It works by slowing the contractions of the intestines.[2]
Loperamide was first made in 1969 and used medically in 1976.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[7] It is sold as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[2][8] Wholesale the cost is about 0.004 to 0.04 USD a dose.[9] In the United States it is about 0.20 USD a dose.[2]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 2 Side effects
- 2.1 Abuse
- 3 Drug interactions
- 4 Mechanism of action
- 4.1 Blood–brain barrier
- 5 History
- 6 Society and culture
- 6.1 Cost
- 6.2 Brand names
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Medical uses
Loperamide is effective for the treatment of a number of types of diarrhea.[10] This includes control of acute nonspecific diarrhea, mild traveler's diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea due to bowel resection, and chronic diarrhea secondary to inflammatory bowel disease. It is also useful for reducing ileostomy output. Off-label uses for loperamide also include chemotherapy induced diarrhea, especially related to irinotecan use.
Loperamide should not be used as the primary treatment in cases of bloody diarrhea, acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis, or bacterial enterocolitis.[11]
Loperamide is often compared to diphenoxylate. Recent studies suggest that loperamide is more effective and has lower neural side effects.[12][13][14]
Side effects
Treatment should be avoided in the presence of high fever or if the stool is bloody (dysentery). Treatment is not recommended for patients that could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated as a primary treatment.[11] Loperamide treatment is not used in symptomatic C. difficile infections, as it increases the risk of toxin retention and precipitation of toxic megacolon.
Loperamide should be administered with caution to patients suffering from hepatic impairment due to reduced first pass metabolism.[15] Additionally, caution should be used when treating patients with advanced HIV as there have been cases of both viral and bacterial toxic megacolon. If abdominal distension is noted, therapy with loperamide should be discontinued.[16]
The use of loperamide in children under 2 years is not recommended. There have been rare reports of fatal paralytic ileus associated with abdominal distention. Most of these reports occurred in the setting of acute dysentery, overdose, and with very young children less than two years of age.[17] A systematic review and meta-analysis examined control trials of loperamide in children under 12 years old, and found that serious adverse events occurred only in children under 3 years old. The study reported that the use of loperamide should be contraindicated in children under 3 years old, systemically ill, malnourished, moderately dehydrated, or have bloody diarrhea.[18] In 1990, all pediatric formulations of the antidiarrheal loperamide were banned in Pakistan.[19]
Loperamide is not recommended in the UK for use during pregnancy nor by nursing mothers.[20] In the US, loperamide is classified by the FDA as pregnancy category C. Studies in rat models have shown no teratogenicity, but there have not been sufficient studies in humans.[21] One controlled, prospective study of 89 women exposed to loperamide during the first trimester showed no increased risk of malformations. This, however, was only one study with a small sample size.[22] Loperamide can be present in breast milk, and is not recommended for breast feeding mothers.[16]
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) most commonly associated with loperamide are constipation (which occurs in 1.7%-5.3% of users), dizziness (up to 1.4%), nausea (0.7%-3.2%), and abdominal cramps (0.5%-3.0%).[23] Rare, but more serious, side-effects include: toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, angioedema, anaphylaxis/allergic reactions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, urinary retention, and heat stroke.[24] The most frequent symptoms of loperamide overdose are drowsiness, vomiting and abdominal pain or burning.[25]
Abuse
Loperamide has typically been deemed to not have the risk of abuse.[26] In 2012 there were no reports of loperamide abuse.[27]
In 2015 however, case reports of extremely high-dose loperamide resulting in opioid abuse were published.[28][29] It was referred to as "poor man's methadone".[29] Toxicity has been reported to include dependence, respiratory depression, and catatonia.[28][29] One individual who was referred to a drug detoxification clinic was taking 800 mg/day.[28] According to MacDonald, "Loperamide has potential for euphoric effects and information on how to facilitate such effects is easily available."[28] Even at high doses the risk of abuse is very low.[30]
In accordance with the aforementioned, loperamide has been found to produce analgesia in "near-fatal" doses, and sufficient doses suppressed morphine withdrawal symptoms in monkeys.[27] Combination of loperamide with P-glycoprotein inhibitors has also been found to produce centrally-mediated opioid effects such as respiratory depression, but at much lower doses than loperamide by itself.[31]
Drug interactions
Loperamide is a substrate of P-glycoprotein, therefore the concentration of Loperamide will increase when given with a P-Glycoprotein inhibitor.[23] Common P-Glycoprotein inhibitors include quinidine, ritonavir, and ketoconazole, among others.[32] Loperamide is also capable of decreasing the concentration of other P-Glycoprotein substrates. As an example, when saquinavir concentrations can decrease by half when given with loperamide.[23]
Loperamide is an anti-diarrheal agent which decreases intestinal movement. As such, when combined with other antimotility drugs, there is an increased risk of constipation. These drugs include, but are not limited to, other opioids, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and anticholinergics.[33]
Mechanism of action
Ball-and-stick model of loperamide molecule
Loperamide is an opioid-receptor agonist and acts on the μ-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus of the large intestine; because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier, it does not (by itself) affect the central nervous system. It works similarly to morphine, by decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus, which in turn decreases the tone of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of the intestinal wall.[34][35] This increases the amount of time substances stay in the intestine, allowing for more water to be absorbed out of the fecal matter. Loperamide also decreases colonic mass movements and suppresses the gastrocolic reflex.[36]
Blood–brain barrier
Loperamide is subject to efflux by P-glycoprotein. This mechanism effectively prevents loperamide from crossing the blood-brain barrier and so shields the CNS from exposure (and thus risk of CNS tolerance/dependence).[37]
Concurrent administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as quinidine could potentially allow loperamide to cross the blood–brain barrier. Quinidine with loperamide was found to produce respiratory depression, indicative of central opioid action.[38]
Loperamide has been shown to cause a mild physical dependence during preclinical studies, specifically in mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys. Symptoms of mild opiate withdrawal were observed following abrupt discontinuation of long-term treatment of animals with loperamide.[39][40]
When originally approved for medical use in the United States, loperamide was considered a narcotic and was put into Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act 1970. It was transferred to Schedule V on 17 July 1977 and then decontrolled as of 3 November 1982. (source: Federal Register)
History
Loperamide hydrochloride was first synthesized by Paul Janssen from Janssen Pharmaceutica in Beerse (Belgium), following previous discoveries of diphenoxylate hydrochloride (1956) and fentanyl citrate (1960).[41]
The first clinical on loperamide (trial name for it being "R-18553"[42]) were published in 1973 in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry[43] with the inventor being one of the authors.
The trial against placebo was conducted from December 1972 to February 1974, its results being published in 1977 in Gut journal, an edition of British Society of Gastroenterology.[44]
The drug was patented in the USA in 1973.[45][46]
In 1973 Janssen started to promote loperamide under the brand name Imodium.
In December 1976 Imodium got FDA approval.[47]
During the 1980s, Imodium became the best-selling prescription antidiarrheal in the United States.[48]
In March 1988 McNeil Pharmaceutical began selling loperamide as the OTC product under the brand name Imodium A-D.[49]
In the 1980s there also existed loperamide in the form of drops (Imodium Drops) and syrup. Initially it was intended for children's usage, but Johnson & Johnson voluntarily withdrew it from the market in 1990 after 18 cases of paralytic ileus (resulting in 6 deaths) has been registered in Pakistan and reported by World Health Organization.[50] In the following years (1990-1991) products containing loperamide have been restricted for children use in a number of countries (ranging from 2 to 5 years of age).[51]
In the late 1980s prior to the expiration of US patent in January 30, 1990,[48] McNeil company started to develop Imodium Advanced containing loperamide and simethicone for treating both diarrhea and flatulence. In March 1997 the company patented such combination.[52] The drug has been approved in June 1997 by FDA as Imodium Multi-Symptom Relief in the form of a chewable tablet.[53]
In November 1993 loperamide has been launched as an orally disintegrating tablet based on Zydis technology.[54][55] Imodium Instant Melts from Johnson & Johnson is currently the only loperamide available in the form of orally disintegrating tablets.[56][57]
In 2013 loperamide in the form of 2 mg tablets has been added to WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.[58]
Society and culture
Cost
It is sold as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[2][8] Wholesale the cost is about 0.004 to 0.04 USD a dose.[9] In the United States it is about 0.20 USD a dose.[2]
Brand names
Loperamide was originally marketed as Imodium, and there are many generic brands.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Drugs.com International brands for loperamide Page accessed Sept 4, 2015
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Loperamide Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Aug 25, 2015.
- ^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Loperamide use while Breastfeeding". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ "loperamide hydrochloride". NCI Drug Dictionary. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ Patrick, Graham L. (2013). An introduction to medicinal chemistry (Fifth edition. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 644. ISBN 9780199697397.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ a b Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia (14 ed.). [Sudbury, Mass.]: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 217. ISBN 9781449673611.
- ^ a b "Loperamide HCL". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ Hanauer, S. B. (Winter 2008). "The Role of Loperamide in Gastrointestinal Disorders". Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders 8 (1): 15–20. PMID 18477966.
- ^ a b http://www.drugs.com/pro/loperamide.html
- ^ Miftahof, Roustem (2009). Mathematical Modeling and Simulation in Enteric Neurobiology. World Scientific. p. 18. ISBN 9789812834812.
- ^ Benson, Al; Chakravarthy, A.; Hamilton, Stanley R.; et al., eds. (2013). Cancers of the Colon and Rectum: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 9781936287581.
- ^ Zuckerman, Jane N. (2012). Principles and Practice of Travel Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. p. 203. ISBN 9781118392089.
- ^ "rxlist.com". 2005.
- ^ a b http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Label_ApprovalHistory
- ^ "Imodium (Loperamide Hydrochloride) Capsule". DailyMed. NIH.
- ^ Li, Su-Ting T., David C. Grossman, and Peter Cummings (2007). "Loperamide therapy for acute diarrhea in children: systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS Medicine 4 (3): e98. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040098. PMC 1831735. PMID 17388664.
- ^ "E-DRUG: Chlormezanone". Essentialdrugs.org.
- ^ http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?condition=Diarrhoea&medicine=imodium
- ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Label_ApprovalHistory#labelinfo
- ^ Einarson, A.; et al. (2000). "Prospective, controlled, multicentre study of loperamide in pregnancy". Canadian journal of gastroenterology 14 (3): 185–187. PMID 10758415.
- ^ a b c http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/017694s050lbl.pdf
- ^ https://online.epocrates.com/noFrame/showPage.do;jsessionid=FB4C4C42205138677A3F9E475E6C6299?method=drugs&MonographId=44&ActiveSectionId=5
- ^ Litovitz, T; Clancy, C; Korberly, B; Temple, AR; Mann, KV (1997). "Surveillance of loperamide ingestions: an analysis of 216 poison center reports.". Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology 35 (1): 11–9. doi:10.3109/15563659709001159. PMID 9022646.
- ^ Baker, DE (2007). "Loperamide: a pharmacological review.". Reviews in gastroenterological disorders. 7 Suppl 3: S11–8. PMID 18192961.
- ^ a b Mediators and Drugs in Gastrointestinal Motility II: Endogenous and Exogenous Agents. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. pp. 290–. ISBN 978-3-642-68474-6.
- ^ a b c d MacDonald, R; Heiner, J; Villarreal, J; Strote, J (2 May 2015). "Loperamide dependence and abuse.". BMJ case reports 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-209705. PMID 25935922.
- ^ a b c Dierksen, Jennifer; Gonsoulin, Morna; Walterscheid, Jeffrey P. (2015). "Poor Manʼs Methadone". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 36 (4): 268–270. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000201. ISSN 0195-7910.
- ^ "Imodium Side Effects Center". 2015-04-17. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ Amitava Dasgupta; Loralie J. Langman (23 April 2012). Pharmacogenomics of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse. CRC Press. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-1-4398-5612-3.
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm093664.htm#PgpTransport
- ^ https://online.epocrates.com/noFrame/showPage.do?method=drugs&MonographId=44&ActiveSectionId=4
- ^ http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00836
- ^ http://www.drugs.com/mmx/loperamide-hydrochloride.html
- ^ Katzung, B. G. (2004). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (9th ed.). ISBN 0-07-141092-9. [page needed]
- ^ Upton, RN (Aug 2007). "Cerebral uptake of drugs in humans.". Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 34 (8): 695–701. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04649.x. PMID 17600543.
- ^ Sadeque, A. J.; Wandel, C.; He, H.; Shah, S.; Wood, A. J. (September 2000). "Increased Drug Delivery to the Brain by P-glycoprotein Inhibition". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 68 (3): 231–237. doi:10.1067/mcp.2000.109156. PMID 11014404.
- ^ Yanagita, T.; Miyasato, K.; Sato, J. (1979). "Dependence Potential of Loperamide Studied in Rhesus Monkeys". NIDA Research Monograph 27: 106–113. PMID 121326.
- ^ Nakamura, H.; Ishii, K.; Yokoyama, Y.; et al. (November 1982). "[Physical Dependence on Loperamide Hydrochloride in Mice and Rats]". Yakugaku Zasshi (in Japanese) 102 (11): 1074–1085. PMID 6892112.
- ^ Florey, Klaus (1991). Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, Volume 19. Academic Press. p. 342. ISBN 9780080861142.
- ^ "Loperamide (R 18 553), a novel type of antidiarrheal agent. Part 6: Clinical pharmacology. Placebo-controlled comparison of the constipating activity and safety of loperamide, diphenoxylate and codeine in normal volunteers". Arzneimittelforschung 24: 1653–7. 1974. PMID 4611432.
- ^ Stokbroekx, R. A.; Vanenberk, J.; Van Heertum, A. H. M. T.; Van Laar, G. M. L. W.; Van der Aa, M. J. M. C.; Van Bever, W. F. M.; Janssen, P. A. J. (1973). "Synthetic Antidiarrheal Agents. 2,2-Diphenyl-4-(4'-aryl-4'-hydroxypiperidino)butyramides". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 16 (7): 782–786. doi:10.1021/jm00265a009. PMID 4725924.
- ^ P. Mainguet, R. Fiasse (1977). "Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loperamide (Imodium) in chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection". Gut (journal) (18): 575–579. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "2,2-diaryl-4-(4'-aryl-4'-hydroxy-piper-idino)-butyramides (US 3714159 A)". Google Patents. 1973. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "2,2-diaryl-4-(4'-aryl-4'-hydroxy-piper-idino)-butyramides (US 3714159 A)". Espacenet. 1973. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "IMODIUM FDA Application No.(NDA) 017694". Food and Drug Administration. 1976. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ a b McNeil-PPC, Inc., Plaintiff, v. L. Perrigo Company, and Perrigo Company, Defendants, 207 F. Supp. 2d 356 (E.D. Pa. June 25, 2002).
- ^ "IMODIUM A-D FDA Application No.(NDA) 019487". Food and Drug Administration. 1988. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "Loperamide: voluntary withdrawal of infant fomulations". WHO Drug Information Vol. 4, No. 2, 1990. 1990. pp. 73–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2014-09-06.
The leading international supplier of this preparation, Johnson and Johnson, has since informed WHO that having regard to the dangers inherent in improper use and overdosing, this formulation (Imodium Drops®), was voluntarily withdrawn from Pakistan in March 1990. The company has since decided not only to withdraw this preparation worldwide but also to remove all syrup formulations from countries where WHO has a programme for control of diarrhoeal diseases. The company has since decided not only to withdraw this preparation worldwide but also to remove all syrup formulations from countries where WHO has a programme for control of diarrhoeal diseases.
- ^ Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments, 8th Issue. United Nations. 2003. pp. 130–131. ISBN 92-1-130230-7.
- ^ "Treatment of diarrhea and flatulence in gastrointestinal disorders US 5612054 A". 1997. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "IMODIUM MULTI-SYMPTOM RELIEF FDA Application No.(NDA) 020606". Food and Drug Administration. 1997. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "Scherer announces launch of another product utilizing its Zydis technology". PR Newswire Association LLC. 1993-11-09. Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
- ^ Rathbone, Michael J.; Hadgraft, Jonathan; Roberts, Michael S. (2002). "The Zydis Oral Fast-Dissolving Dosage Form". Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology. CRC Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780824708696. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
- ^ Rajendra Awasthi; et al. (2013). "Fast Disintegrating Drug Delivery Systems: A Review with Special Emphasis on Fast Disintegrating Tablets". Journal of Chemotherapy and Drug Delivery, 05/2013. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
- ^ Nayak, Amit Kumar; Manna, Kaushik (2011). "Current developments in orally disintegrating tablet technology". Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Vol 2, Issue No. 1, June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2013 (including the 18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 4th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children)". World Health Organization. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Other medicines added were: loperamide
External links
- Imodium website
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 化学療法剤の腸管毒性 enterotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents
- 2. 成人における過敏性腸症候群の治療 treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adults
- 3. 成人における急性ウイルス性胃腸炎 acute viral gastroenteritis in adults
- 4. Approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource-rich settings
- 5. 資源の豊富な国の小児における慢性下痢症の診断へのアプローチ approach to the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in children in resource rich countries
English Journal
- Analytical studies on the charge transfer complexes of loperamide hydrochloride and trimebutine drugs. Spectroscopic and thermal characterization of CT complexes.
- Elqudaby HM1, Mohamed GG2, El-Din GM1.
- Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Aug 14;129:84-95. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.110. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
- Charge transfer complexes of loperamide hydrochloride (LOP.HCl) and trimebutine (TB) drugs as electron donor with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as π-acceptors in acetonitrile were investigated spectrophotometrica
- PMID 24727166
- Quantitative investigation of the brain-to-cerebrospinal fluid unbound drug concentration ratio under steady-state conditions in rats using a pharmacokinetic model and scaling factors for active efflux transporters.
- Kodaira H1, Kusuhara H, Fuse E, Ushiki J, Sugiyama Y.
- Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals.Drug Metab Dispos.2014 Jun;42(6):983-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.056606. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
- A pharmacokinetic model was constructed to explain the difference in brain- and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-to-plasma and brain-to-CSF unbound drug concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain, Kp,uu,CSF, and Kp,uu,CSF/brain, respectively) of drugs under steady-state conditions in rats. The passive permeability
- PMID 24644297
- Laboratory testing of clinically approved drugs against Balamuthia mandrillaris.
- Kalsoom H1, Baig AM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R.
- World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 May 30. [Epub ahead of print]
- Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living protist pathogen that can cause life-threatening granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Given the lack of effective available drugs against B. mandrillaris encephalitis with a mortality rate of more than 90 %, here we screened drugs, targeting vital cellular re
- PMID 24875138
Related Links
- Previously available only by prescription, Imodium A-D has been used for years to treat diarrhea. (Loperamide)
- Imodium (Loperamide Hydrochloride) - 2mg (4 Capsules) 「製造国」 インド 「製造元」 Johnson & Johnson Ltd. 「使用量」 下記の使用量はあくまでも目安となります。 実際の服用においては医師の指示に基づき、適切な量を服用 する ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ロペラミド」 |
「ロペラミド」
- 英
- loperamide
- 化
- 塩酸ロペラミド loperamide hydrochloride
- 商
- Imodium。カグダリン、クラレット、タイペミン、ミロピン、ロスポリア、ロペカルド、ロペナ、ロペミック、ロペミン、ロペラン、ロンバニン
- 関
- 止瀉薬
- 止しゃ剤，整腸剤
効能又は効果
- 下痢症
禁忌
- 1. 出血性大腸炎の患者［腸管出血性大腸菌（Ｏ157等）や赤痢菌等の重篤な細菌性下痢患者では、症状の悪化，治療期間の延長をきたすおそれがある。］
- 2. 抗生物質の投与に伴う偽膜性大腸炎の患者［症状の悪化，治療期間の延長をきたすおそれがある。］
- 3. 低出生体重児，新生児および6カ月未満の乳児［外国で、過量投与により、呼吸抑制，全身性痙れん，昏睡等の重篤な副作用の報告がある。］
- 4. 本剤の成分に対し過敏症の既往歴のある患者
原則禁忌
- 1. 細菌性下痢患者［治療期間の延長をきたすおそれがある。］
- 2. 潰瘍性大腸炎の患者［中毒性巨大結腸を起こすおそれがある。］
- 3. 6カ月以上2歳未満の乳幼児（「小児等への投与」の項参照）
添付文書
- タイペミンカプセル1mg