- 関
- G-protein alpha subunit
WordNet
- first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
- the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
- the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
- early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"
- a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
- the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g
- any high mountain
PrepTutorEJDIC
- アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)
- 高山,高峰
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/01 22:30:31」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| G-alpha |
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heterotrimeric complex of a gt-alpha/gi-alpha chimera and the gt-beta-gamma subunits
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| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
G-alpha |
| Pfam |
PF00503 |
| Pfam clan |
CL0023 |
| InterPro |
IPR001019 |
| SCOP |
1gia |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1gia |
| CDD |
cd00066 |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) are membrane-associated, heterotrimeric proteins composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma.[1] G proteins and their receptors (GPCRs) form one of the most prevalent signalling systems in mammalian cells, regulating systems as diverse as sensory perception, cell growth and hormonal regulation.[2] At the cell surface, the binding of ligands such as hormones and neurotransmitters to a GPCR activates the receptor by causing a conformational change, which in turn activates the bound G protein on the intracellular-side of the membrane. The activated receptor promotes the exchange of bound GDP for GTP on the G protein alpha subunit. GTP binding changes the conformation of switch regions within the alpha subunit, which allows the bound trimeric G protein (inactive) to be released from the receptor, and to dissociate into active alpha subunit (GTP-bound) and beta/gamma dimer. The alpha subunit and the beta/gamma dimer go on to activate distinct downstream effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase C, and ion channels. These effectors in turn regulate the intracellular concentrations of secondary messengers, such as cAMP, diacylglycerol, sodium or calcium cations, which ultimately lead to a physiological response, usually via the downstream regulation of gene transcription. The cycle is completed by the hydrolysis of alpha subunit-bound GTP to GDP, resulting in the re-association of the alpha and beta/gamma subunits and their binding to the receptor, which terminates the signal.[3] The length of the G protein signal is controlled by the duration of the GTP-bound alpha subunit, which can be regulated by RGS (regulator of G protein signalling) proteins or by covalent modifications.[4]
There are several isoforms of each subunit, many of which have splice variants, which together can make up hundreds of combinations of G proteins. The specific combination of subunits in heterotrimeric G proteins affects not only which receptor it can bind to, but also which downstream target is affected, providing the means to target specific physiological processes in response to specific external stimuli.[5][6] G proteins carry lipid modifications on one or more of their subunits to target them to the plasma membrane and to contribute to protein interactions.
This family consists of the G protein alpha subunit, which acts as a weak GTPase. G protein classes are defined based on the sequence and function of their alpha subunits, which in mammals fall into several sub-types: G(S)alpha, G(Q)alpha, G(I)alpha, transducin and G(12)alpha; there are also fungal and plant classes of alpha subunits. The alpha subunit consists of two domains: a GTP-binding domain and a helical insertion domain (INTERPRO). The GTP-binding domain is homologous to Ras-like small GTPases, and includes switch regions I and II, which change conformation during activation. The switch regions are loops of alpha-helices with conformations sensitive to guanine nucleotides. The helical insertion domain is inserted into the GTP-binding domain before switch region I and is unique to heterotrimeric G proteins. This helical insertion domain functions to sequester the guanine nucleotide at the interface with the GTP-binding domain and must be displaced to enable nucleotide dissociation.
References
- ^ Preininger AM, Hamm HE (February 2004). "G protein signaling: insights from new structures". Sci. STKE 2004 (218): re3. doi:10.1126/stke.2182004re3. PMID 14762218.
- ^ Roberts DJ, Waelbroeck M (September 2004). "G protein activation by G protein coupled receptors: ternary complex formation or catalyzed reaction?". Biochem. Pharmacol. 68 (5): 799–806. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.044. PMID 15294442.
- ^ Svoboda P, Teisinger J, Novotný J, Bourová L, Drmota T, Hejnová L, Moravcová Z, Lisý V, Rudajev V, Stöhr J, Vokurková A, Svandová I, Durchánková D. (2004). "Biochemistry of transmembrane signaling mediated by trimeric G proteins". Physiol Res. 53 Suppl 1: S141–52. PMID 15119945.
- ^ Chen CA, Manning DR (March 2001). "Regulation of G proteins by covalent modification". Oncogene 20 (13): 1643–52. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204185. PMID 11313912.
- ^ Hildebrandt JD (August 1997). "Role of subunit diversity in signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins". Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 (3): 325–39. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00269-4. PMID 9278091.
- ^ Albert PR, Robillard L (May 2002). "G protein specificity: traffic direction required". Cell. Signal. 14 (5): 407–18. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00259-5. PMID 11882385.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001019
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Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)
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|
| 3.6.1 |
- Pyrophosphatase
- Apyrase
- Thiamine-triphosphatase
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|
| 3.6.2 |
- Adenylylsulfatase
- Phosphoadenylylsulfatase
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| 3.6.3-4: ATPase |
| 3.6.3 |
| Cu++ (3.6.3.4) |
- Menkes/ATP7A
- Wilson/ATP7B
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| Ca+ (3.6.3.8) |
- SERCA
- Plasma membrane
- ATP2B1
- ATP2B2
- ATP2B3
- ATP2B4
- SPCA
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| Na+/K+ (3.6.3.9) |
- ATP1A1
- ATP1A2
- ATP1A3
- ATP1A4
- ATP1B1
- ATP1B2
- ATP1B3
- ATP1B4
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| H+/K+ (3.6.3.10) |
|
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| Other P-type ATPase |
- ATP8B1
- ATP10A
- ATP11B
- ATP12A
- ATP13A2
- ATP13A3
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|
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| 3.6.4 |
- Dynein
- Kinesin
- Myosin
- Katanin
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|
|
| 3.6.5: GTPase |
| 3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein |
- Gαs
- Gαi
- Gαq/11
- Gα12/13
- Transducin
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| 3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily |
- Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42
- RhoUV
- Rac
- RhoBTB
- RhoH
- Rho
- Rnd
- RhoDF
- other: Ras
- Rab
- Arf
- Ran
- Rheb
- Rap
- RGK
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| 3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase |
|
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| 3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors |
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- Biochemistry overview
- Enzymes overview
- By EC number: 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15-99
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Proteins: enzymes
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| Activity |
- Active site
- Binding site
- Catalytic triad
- Oxyanion hole
- Enzyme promiscuity
- Catalytically perfect enzyme
- Coenzyme
- Cofactor
- Enzyme catalysis
- Enzyme kinetics
- Lineweaver–Burk plot
- Michaelis–Menten kinetics
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| Regulation |
- Allosteric regulation
- Cooperativity
- Enzyme inhibitor
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| Classification |
- EC number
- Enzyme superfamily
- Enzyme family
- List of enzymes
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| Types |
- EC1 Oxidoreductases(list)
- EC2 Transferases(list)
- EC3 Hydrolases(list)
- EC4 Lyases(list)
- EC5 Isomerases(list)
- EC6 Ligases(list)
|
|
- Biochemistry overview
- Enzymes overview
- By EC number: 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15-99
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- A new concept for molecular engineering of artificial enzymes: a multiscale simulation.
- Komarov PV1, Khalatur PG2, Khokhlov AR3.
- Soft matter.Soft Matter.2015 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]
- We propose a new concept for the design of artificial enzymes from synthetic protein-like copolymers and non-natural functional monomers which in terms of their affinity for water can be divided into two categories: hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Hydrophilic monomers comprise catalytically active grou
- PMID 26539842
- Production of 10-hydroxy-12,15(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid from α-linolenic acid by permeabilized Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens cells.
- Choi HY1, Seo MJ1, Shin KC1, Oh DK2.
- Biotechnology letters.Biotechnol Lett.2015 Nov;37(11):2271-7. doi: 10.1007/s10529-015-1913-2. Epub 2015 Jul 19.
- OBJECTIVE: To improve the production of 10-hydroxy-12,15(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (HODA) from α-linolenic acid in Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens.RESULTS: Cells of the bacterium were permeabilized with 1.25% (v/v) methanol. The optimal conditions for HODA production by permeabilized cells were pH
- PMID 26188993
- Neurophysiologic predictors of motor function in stroke.
- Simis M1,2, Doruk D2, Imamura M1, Anghinah R1, Morales-Quezada L2, Fregni F1,2, Battistella LR1.
- Restorative neurology and neuroscience.Restor Neurol Neurosci.2015 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print]
- PURPOSE: Understanding the neural mechanisms of stroke recovery is of paramount importance for neurorehabilitation.METHODS: For this purpose, we analyzed several TMS and EEG variables and their association with motor recovery. Thirty-five subjects with chronic stroke were recruited. The neurophysiol
- PMID 26518670
Japanese Journal
- リンゴポリフェノールであるプロシアニジンのラット小腸SGLT依存性グルコース吸収に対する抑制効果 ―膜電位測定による生理学的検討―
- 飯田女子短期大学紀要 = Bulletin of Iida Women's Junior College 32, 151-160, 2015-05-27
- NAID 120005695441
- G.ALPHA.q-Protein Carboxyl Terminus Imitation Polypeptide GCIP-27 Attenuates Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Vascular Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
- Diacylglycerol kinase zeta inhibits G alpha q-induced atrial remodeling in transgenic mice
Related Links
- 機械整備・加工などをトータルサポート致します。グループアルファ 愛知県 名古屋市 三河地区 設計、製缶、溶接、機械加工、組付け等 グループアルファ きよみずこうぎょうしょ 株式会社 清水工業所 ・各種製造プラント設計・施工 ...
- 次世代のカーライフを実現する、G-BOOK ALPHAの3つのコンセプトをご紹介します。 G-BOOK ALPHAのさまざまなサービスをご説明します。
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- (n
- 関
- Gタンパク質αサブユニット、Gαサブユニット
[★]
Gタンパク質αサブユニット
- 関
- G-alpha、GTP-binding protein alpha subunit
[★]
- 英
- G-alpha
- 関
- Gタンパク質αサブユニット、Gα
[★]
Gαsサブユニット、Gαsタンパク質、Gαs
[★]
[★]
[★]
[★]
[★]
α、アルファ
- 関
- alfa
[★]
- 同
- ガドリニウム造影MRI
[★]
グラム
- 関
- gram