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Dexamethasone is a type of steroid medication. It has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. It is 25 times more potent than cortisol in its glucocorticoid effect, while having minimal mineralocorticoid effect.

Dexamethasone is used for the treatment of many conditions including: rheumatologic problems, a number of skin diseases such as erythema multiforme, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, and cerebral edema, in addition to other medications in tuberculosis and a number of other infectious diseases.^[1]

It is pregnancy category C in the United States and class A in Australia, meaning it has been frequently used in pregnancy and not been found to cause problems for the baby.^[1]^[2]

It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[3]

Medical use

Anti-inflammatory

Dexamethasone is used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and bronchospasm.^[4] Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a decrease in numbers of platelets due to an immune problem, responds to 40 mg daily for four days; it may be administered in 14-day cycles. It is unclear whether dexamethasone in this condition is significantly better than other glucocorticoids.^[5]

It is also given in small amounts^[6] before and/or after some forms of dental surgery, such as the extraction of the wisdom teeth, an operation which often leaves the patient with puffy, swollen cheeks.

It is injected into the heel when treating plantar fasciitis, sometimes in conjunction with triamcinolone acetonide.

It is useful to counteract allergic anaphylactic shock, if given in high doses.

It is present in certain eye drops – particularly after eye surgery – and as a nasal spray (trade name Dexacort), and certain ear drops (Sofradex, when combined with an antibiotic and an antifungal).

Dexamethasone is used in transvenous screw-in cardiac pacing leads to minimize the inflammatory response of the myocardium. The steroid is released into the myocardium as soon as the screw is extended and can play a significant role in minimizing the acute pacing threshold due to the reduction of inflammatory response. The typical quantity present in a lead tip is less than 1.0 mg.

Dexamethasone is often administered before antibiotics in cases of bacterial meningitis. It then acts to reduce the inflammatory response of the body to the bacteria killed by the antibiotics (bacterial death releases proinflammatory mediators that can cause a response which is harmful to the patient), thus improving prognosis and outcome.^[7]

Dexamethasone phosphate for injection

Cancer

Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are given dexamethasone to counteract certain side effects of their antitumor treatments. Dexamethasone can augment the antiemetic effect of 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron.

In brain tumors (primary or metastatic), dexamethasone is used to counteract the development of edema, which could eventually compress other brain structures. It is also given in cord compression, where a tumor is compressing the spinal cord.

Dexamethasone is also used as a direct chemotherapeutic agent in certain haematological malignancies, especially in the treatment of multiple myeloma, in which dexamethasone is given alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, including most commonly with thalidomide (Thal-dex), lenalidomide, bortezomib (Velcade, Vel-dex),^[8] or a combination of adriamycin (doxorubicin) and vincristine or velcade/revlimid/dexamethasone.

Endocrine

Dexamethasone is the treatment for the very rare disorder of glucocorticoid resistance.^[9]^[10]

In adrenal insufficiency and Addison's disease, dexamethasone is prescribed when the patient does not respond well to prednisone or methylprednisolone.

It can be used in congenital adrenal hyperplasia in older adolescents and adults to suppress ACTH production. It is typically given at night.^[11]

Pregnancy

Dexamethasone may be given to women at risk of delivering prematurely to promote maturation of the fetus' lungs. This has been associated with low birth weight, although not with increased rates of neonatal death.^[12]

High-altitude illnesses

Dexamethasone is used in the treatment of high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), as well as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). It is commonly carried on mountain-climbing expeditions to help climbers deal with complications of altitude sickness.^[13]^[14]

Other

Dexamethasone has been used as an off-label prenatal treatment for the symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in female fetuses. CAH causes a variety of physical abnormalities, notably ambiguous genitalia in girls. Early prenatal CAH treatment has been shown to reduce some CAH symptoms, but it does not treat the underlying congenital disorder.

A small clinical trial found long-term effects on verbal working memory among the small group of children treated prenatally, but the small number of test subjects means the study cannot be considered definitive.^[15]^[16] Administration of prenatal dexamethasone has been the subject of controversy over issues of informed consent and because treatment must predate a clinical diagnosis of CAH in the female fetus.

Synergism

Dexamethasone and ondansetron are more effective than ondansetron alone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.^[17]

Adverse effects

The exact incidence of the adverse effects of dexamethasone are not available, hence estimates have been made as to the incidence of the adverse effects below based on the adverse effects of related corticosteroids and on available documentation on dexamethasone.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

Common:

Acne
Insomnia
Vertigo
Increased appetite
Weight gain
Impaired skin healing
Depression
Euphoria
Hypertension
Increased risk of infection
Raised intraocular pressure
Vomiting
Dyspepsia
Confusion
Amnesia
Irritability
Nausea
Malaise
Headaches
Cataract (in cases of long-term treatment it occurs in about 10% of patients)

Unknown incidence:

Papilloedema
Adrenal suppression
Growth stunting (in children)
Cushing's syndrome
Peptic ulcer
Osteoporosis
Myopathy
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Hyperglycaemia
Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
Sodium and water retention
Mania
Psychosis
Glaucoma
Cardiomyopathy
Abdominal distention
Corneal or scleral thinning
Candidiasis
Skin atrophy
Bruising
Telangiectasia
Striae
Leukocytosis
Thromboembolism
Psychological dependence
Vertebral collapse
Oesophageal ulcer
Seizures
Hypertriglyceridaemia
Intracranial hypertension (long-term treatment)
Facial plethora
Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Muscular atrophy
Nitrogen depletion due to protein catabolism
Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis

Withdrawal

Sudden withdrawal after long-term treatment with corticosteroids can lead to:^[19]

Adrenal insufficiency
Hypotension
Fever
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Painful itchy skin nodules
Weight loss
Death

Contraindications

Contraindications include:^[18]^[19]

Uncontrolled infections
Known hypersensitivity to dexamethasone
Cerebral malaria
Systemic fungal infection
Concurrent treatment with live virus vaccines (including smallpox)

Interactions

Known drug interactions include:^[19]

Inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and rifampicin can reduce the half-life of dexamethasone.
Cotreatment with oral contraceptives can increase its volume of distribution.

Synthesis

To synthesize dexamethasone, 16β-methylprednisolone acetate is dehydrated to the 9,11-dehydro derivative. This is then reacted with a source of hypobromite, such as basic N-bromosuccinimide, to form the 9α-bromo-11β-hydrin derivative, which is then ring-closed to an epoxide. A ring-opening reaction with hydrogen fluoride in tetrahydrofuran gives dexamethasone.

Dexamethasone synthesis:^[24]^[25]

Nonmedical use

Dexamethasone is given in legal Bangladeshi brothels to prostitutes not yet of legal age, causing weight gain aimed at making them appear healthier and older to customers and police.^[26]

Dexamethasone is a banned substance by some sporting bodies. In November 2014, the world's number one badminton player Lee Chong Wei was banned by the Badminton World Federation for testing positive for the drug, although he denied using any banned substances.^[27]

Veterinary use

Combined with marbofloxacin and clotrimazole, dexamethasone is available under the name Aurizon, CAS number 115550-35-1, and used to treat difficult ear infections, especially in dogs. It can also be combined with trichlormethiazide to treat horses with swelling of distal limbs and general bruising.^[28]

References

^ ^a ^b "Dexamethasone". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Sep 26, 2014.
^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Till, John. "Paramedic Clinical Training Aid". Retrieved 30 August 2011.
^ Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, Blanchette VS, Bolton-Maggs P, Bussel JB, Chong BH, Cines DB, Gernsheimer TB, Godeau B, Grainger J, Greer I, Hunt BJ, Imbach PA, Lyons G, McMillan R, Rodeghiero F, Sanz MA, Tarantino M, Watson S, Young J, Kuter DJ (January 2010). "International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia". Blood 115 (2): 168–86. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-06-225565. PMID 19846889.
^ Schmelzeisen R; Frölich Janice C. (1993). "Prevention of postoperative swelling and pain by dexamethasone after operative removal of impacted third molar teeth". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44 (3): 275–7. doi:10.1007/BF00271371. PMID 8491244.
^ van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K (2007). "Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub2. PMID 17253505.
^ Harousseau JL, Attal M, Leleu X, Troncy J, Pegourie B, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Fuzibet JG, Renaud M, Moreau P, Avet-Loiseau H (November 2006). "Bortezomib plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an IFM phase II study". Haematologica 91 (11): 1498–505. PMID 17043025.
^ Chrousos GP, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Karl M (December 1993). "Syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance". Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (11): 1113–24. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-119-11-199312010-00009. PMID 8239231.
^ Charmandari E, Kino T, Ichijo T, Chrousos GP (May 2008). "Generalized glucocorticoid resistance: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of a rare genetic disorder". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (5): 1563–72. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0040. PMC 2386273. PMID 18319312.
^ Dan L. Longo, Anthony Fauci, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, J. Jerry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, p.3055
^ Bloom SL, Sheffield JS, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ (April 2001). "Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased birth weight". Obstet Gynecol 97 (4): 485–90. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01206-0. PMID 11275014.
^ Cymerman a, Rock PB (1994). "Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers". USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
^ Eledrisi MS (April 2007). "First-line therapy for hypertension" (PDF). Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (8): 615. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00021. PMID 17438328.
^ Hirvikoski T, Nordenström A, Lindholm T, Lindblad F, Ritzén EM, Wedell A, Lajic S (February 2007). "Cognitive functions in children at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia treated prenatally with dexamethasone". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (2): 542–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1340. PMID 17148562.
^ Lajic S, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T (2011). "Long-term outcome of prenatal dexamethasone treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency". Endocr Dev 20: 96–105. doi:10.1159/000321228. PMID 21164263.
^ Song (2011). "The effect of combining dexamethasone with ondansetron for nausea and vomiting associated with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia.". Anaesthesia 66 (4): 263–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06648.x. PMID 21401538. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Decadron, Dexamethasone Intensol (dexamethasone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "PRODUCT INFORMATION DEXMETHSONE® (dexamethasone)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "PRODUCT INFORMATION DEXMETHSONE INJECTION" (PDF). TGA eBusiness ServicesAspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "DEXAMETHASONE tablet [ECR Pharmaceuticals]". DailyMed. ECR Pharmaceuticals. December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Dexamethasone Tablet BP 2.0 mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Dexamethasone 4.0 mg/ml injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Arth GE, Fried J, Johnston DBR, Hoff, DR, Sarett HL, Silber RH, Stoerk HC, Winter CA (1958). "16-Methylated steroids. II. 16α-Methyl analogs of cortisone, a new group of anti-inflammatory steroids. 9α-Halo derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (12): 3161–3163. doi:10.1021/ja01545a063.
^ Taub D, Hoffsommer RD, Slates HL, lWendler NL (1958). "16β-Methyl cortical steroids". Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (16): 4435. doi:10.1021/ja01549a095.
^ Dummett, Mark (2010-05-30), "Bangladesh's dark brothel steroid secret", BBC News.
^ Dummett, Mark (2014-11-12), "Lee Chong Wei: Badminton star suspended for 'apparent' doping", BBC News.
^ "Trichlormethiazide and Dexamethasone for veterinary use". Wedgewood Pharmacy. Retrieved 2008-01-23.

External links

"Understanding Dexamethasone and Other Steroids".
"Dexamethasone". U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal.

UpToDate Contents

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Decadron DECADRON 4MG C/10 COMP デカドロン錠4mg「日医工」 > medicamentos > Decadron - Dexametasona Decadron Side Effects (Dexamethasone sponge containing decadron (a steroid Decadron® decadron dexamethasone decadron is

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リンク元	「デキサメタゾン」
関連記事	「decadron」

「デキサメタゾン」

Dexamethasone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17R)-9- Fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17- dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682792
Pregnancy; category	AU: A; US: C (Risk not ruled out);
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4); CA: ℞-only; UK: Prescription-only (POM); US: ℞-only;
Routes of; administration	Oral, IV, IM, SC and IO
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	80-90%
Protein binding	77%
Metabolism	hepatic
Half-life	190 minutes
Excretion	Urine (65%)
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	50-02-2
ATC code	A01AC02 C05AA09, D07AB19, D10AA03, H02AB02, R01AD03, S01BA01,S02BA06, S03BA01
PubChem	CID: 5743
DrugBank	DB01234
ChemSpider	5541
UNII	7S5I7G3JQL
KEGG	D00292
ChEBI	CHEBI:41879
ChEMBL	CHEMBL384467
Chemical data
Formula	C22H29FO5
Molecular mass	392.461 g/mol
	SMILES O=C(CO)[C@]3(O)[C@]2(C[C@H](O)[C@]4(F)[C@@]/1(\C(=C/C(=O)\C=C\1)CC[C@H]4[C@@H]2C[C@H]3C)C)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C22H29FO5/c1-12-8-16-15-5-4-13-9-14(25)6-7-19(13,2)21(15,23)17(26)10-20(16,3)22(12,28)18(27)11-24/h6-7,9,12,15-17,24,26,28H,4-5,8,10-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,15+,16+,17+,19+,20+,21+,22+/m1/s1 ; Key:UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify)

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英: dexamethasone
ラ: dexamethasonum
化: プロピオン酸デキサメタゾン？JAN
同: デキサメサゾン
商: Decadron; (点眼・点耳・点鼻)DMゾロン、コンドロンデキサ、ビジュアリン、テイカゾン、D・E・X、オルガドロン、サンテゾーン; (口腔内用)アフタゾロン、デルゾン、エースミン、デキサルチン、デルゾン; (軟膏)ビスオ、メインベート、デルムサット、プロメタゾン、メサデルム、オイラゾン、グリメサゾン、ザルックス、デキサA、ヒフメタ、プロメタゾン、ボアラ; (注射液)デキサート、オルガドロン(デキサメタゾンリン酸エステルナトリウム)、ソルコート、デカドロン、メサドロン、リメタゾン; (服用)エリザス、レナデックス; (吸入)ストメリンD
関: 糖質コルチコイド、デキサメタゾン抑制試験、コルチコイド; 鎮痛，鎮痒，収歛，消炎剤

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デキサメタゾン : 約 103,000 件
デキサメサゾン : 約 37,800 件

GOO.1594

Table 59–2 Relative Potencies and Equivalent Doses of Representative Corticosteroids
COMPOUND	ANTIINFLAMMATORY POTENCY	Na+-RETAINING POTENCY	DURATION OF ACTION	EQUIVALENT DOSE, MG
prednisone	4	0.8	I	5
prednisolone	4	0.8	I	5
betamethasone	25	0	L	0.75
dexamethasone	25	0	L	0.75

「decadron」

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同: Decadron
関: Dexamethasone

[AHFS2014-1] "Dexamethasone". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Sep 26, 2014.

[2] "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[3] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[4] Till, John. "Paramedic Clinical Training Aid". Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[pmid19846889-5] Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, Blanchette VS, Bolton-Maggs P, Bussel JB, Chong BH, Cines DB, Gernsheimer TB, Godeau B, Grainger J, Greer I, Hunt BJ, Imbach PA, Lyons G, McMillan R, Rodeghiero F, Sanz MA, Tarantino M, Watson S, Young J, Kuter DJ (January 2010). "International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia". Blood 115 (2): 168–86. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-06-225565. PMID 19846889.

[pmid8491244-6] Schmelzeisen R; Frölich Janice C. (1993). "Prevention of postoperative swelling and pain by dexamethasone after operative removal of impacted third molar teeth". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44 (3): 275–7. doi:10.1007/BF00271371. PMID 8491244.

[pmid17253505-7] van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K (2007). "Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub2. PMID 17253505.

[pmid17043025-8] Harousseau JL, Attal M, Leleu X, Troncy J, Pegourie B, Stoppa AM, Hulin C, Benboubker L, Fuzibet JG, Renaud M, Moreau P, Avet-Loiseau H (November 2006). "Bortezomib plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an IFM phase II study". Haematologica 91 (11): 1498–505. PMID 17043025.

[pmid8239231-9] Chrousos GP, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Karl M (December 1993). "Syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance". Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (11): 1113–24. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-119-11-199312010-00009. PMID 8239231.

[pmid18319312-10] Charmandari E, Kino T, Ichijo T, Chrousos GP (May 2008). "Generalized glucocorticoid resistance: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of a rare genetic disorder". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (5): 1563–72. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0040. PMC 2386273. PMID 18319312.

[11] Dan L. Longo, Anthony Fauci, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, J. Jerry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, p.3055

[pmid11275014-12] Bloom SL, Sheffield JS, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ (April 2001). "Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased birth weight". Obstet Gynecol 97 (4): 485–90. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01206-0. PMID 11275014.

[MedicalProblems-13] Cymerman a, Rock PB (1994). "Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers". USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Retrieved 2010-09-06.

[pmid17438328-14] Eledrisi MS (April 2007). "First-line therapy for hypertension" (PDF). Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (8): 615. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00021. PMID 17438328.

[Hirvikoski_2007-15] Hirvikoski T, Nordenström A, Lindholm T, Lindblad F, Ritzén EM, Wedell A, Lajic S (February 2007). "Cognitive functions in children at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia treated prenatally with dexamethasone". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (2): 542–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1340. PMID 17148562.

[pmid21164263-16] Lajic S, Nordenström A, Hirvikoski T (2011). "Long-term outcome of prenatal dexamethasone treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency". Endocr Dev 20: 96–105. doi:10.1159/000321228. PMID 21164263.

[17] Song (2011). "The effect of combining dexamethasone with ondansetron for nausea and vomiting associated with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia.". Anaesthesia 66 (4): 263–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06648.x. PMID 21401538. Retrieved 24 February 2014.

[MSR-18] "Decadron, Dexamethasone Intensol (dexamethasone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[TGAO-19] "PRODUCT INFORMATION DEXMETHSONE® (dexamethasone)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[TGAI-20] "PRODUCT INFORMATION DEXMETHSONE INJECTION" (PDF). TGA eBusiness ServicesAspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[DM-21] "DEXAMETHASONE tablet [ECR Pharmaceuticals]". DailyMed. ECR Pharmaceuticals. December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[EMCT-22] "Dexamethasone Tablet BP 2.0 mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[EMCI-23] "Dexamethasone 4.0 mg/ml injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.

[24] Arth GE, Fried J, Johnston DBR, Hoff, DR, Sarett HL, Silber RH, Stoerk HC, Winter CA (1958). "16-Methylated steroids. II. 16α-Methyl analogs of cortisone, a new group of anti-inflammatory steroids. 9α-Halo derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (12): 3161–3163. doi:10.1021/ja01545a063.

[25] Taub D, Hoffsommer RD, Slates HL, lWendler NL (1958). "16β-Methyl cortical steroids". Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (16): 4435. doi:10.1021/ja01549a095.

[BBC_News_2010-05-30-26] Dummett, Mark (2010-05-30), "Bangladesh's dark brothel steroid secret", BBC News.

[BBC_News_2014_11_12-27] Dummett, Mark (2014-11-12), "Lee Chong Wei: Badminton star suspended for 'apparent' doping", BBC News.

[wedgewood-28] "Trichlormethiazide and Dexamethasone for veterinary use". Wedgewood Pharmacy. Retrieved 2008-01-23.

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