コクサッキーウイルス、Coxsackieウイルス

関: coxsackievirus、enterovirus

WordNet

any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system)
enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis (同)Coxsackie_virus
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/08 09:15:00」(JST)

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Coxsackievirus is a virus that belongs to a family of nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense ssRNA viruses, Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.

Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of aseptic meningitis (the other usual suspects being echovirus and mumps virus).

Groups

Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in mice. Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a flaccid paralysis (which was caused by generalized myositis) while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a spastic paralysis (due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal tissue). At least 23 serotypes (1–22, 24) of group A and six serotypes (1–6) of group B are recognized.

Group A

Main article: Coxsackie A virus

In general, group A coxsackieviruses tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing herpangina, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and hand, foot, and mouth (HFM) disease.

Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses, rashes, upper respiratory tract disease, and aseptic meningitis.

Group B

Main article: Coxsackie B virus

Group B coxsackieviruses tend to infect the heart, pleura, pancreas, and liver, causing pleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis, and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver not related to the hepatotropic viruses). Coxsackie B infection of the heart can lead to pericardial effusion. Muffled heart sounds and pulsus paradoxus are signs of this.

The development of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) has recently been associated with recent enteroviral infection, particularly coxsackievirus B pancreatitis. This relationship is currently being studied further.

Sjogren's syndrome is also being studied in connection with coxsackievirus, as of January 2010.

History

The coxsackieviruses were discovered in 1948–49 by Dr. Gilbert Dalldorf, a scientist working at the New York State Department of Health in Albany, New York.

Dalldorf, in collaboration with Grace Sickles,^[1]^[2] had been searching for a cure for the poliomyelitis. Earlier work Dalldorf had done in monkeys suggested that fluid collected from a nonpolio virus preparation could protect against the crippling effects of polio. Using newborn mice as a vehicle, Dalldorf attempted to isolate such protective viruses from the feces of polio patients. In carrying out these experiments, he discovered viruses that often mimicked mild or nonparalytic polio. The virus family he discovered was eventually given the name Coxsackie, from Coxsackie, New York, a small town on the Hudson River where Dalldorf had obtained the first fecal specimens.^[3]

Dalldorf also collaborated with Gifford on many early papers.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

The coxsackieviruses subsequently were found to cause a variety of infections, including epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), and were subdivided into groups A and B based on their pathology in newborn mice. (Coxsackie A virus causes paralysis and death of the mice, with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis; Coxsackie B causes less severe infection in the mice, but with damage to more organ systems, such as heart, brain, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles.)

The use of suckling mice was not Dalldorf's idea, but was brought to his attention in a paper written by Danish scientists Orskov and Andersen in 1947, who were using such mice to study a mouse virus. The discovery of the coxsackieviruses stimulated many virologists to use this system, and ultimately resulted in the isolation of a large number of so-called "enteric" viruses from the gastrointestinal tract that were unrelated to poliovirus, and some of which were oncogenic (cancer-causing).

The discovery of the coxsackieviruses yielded further evidence that viruses can sometimes interfere with each other's growth and replication within a host animal. Other researchers found this interference can be mediated by a substance produced by the host animal, a protein now known as interferon. Interferon has since become prominent in the treatment of a variety of cancers and infectious diseases.

In 2007, an outbreak of coxsackievirus occurred in eastern China. It has been reported that 22 children died. More than 800 people were affected, with 200 children hospitalized.^[8]

References

^ Dalldorf G, Sickles GM (July 1948). "An Unidentified, Filtrable Agent Isolated From the Feces of Children With Paralysis". Science 108 (2794): 61–62. doi:10.1126/science.108.2794.61. PMID 17777513.
^ DALLDORF G, SICKLES GM (June 1949). "A virus recovered from the feces of poliomyelitis patients pathogenic for suckling mice". J. Exp. Med. 89 (6): 567–82. doi:10.1084/jem.89.6.567. PMC 2135891. PMID 18144319.
^ Coxsackie NY and the virus named after it posted to Virology Blog 10 AUGUST 2009 by Professor Vincent Racaniello. Accessed via internet August 20, 2012.
^ DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (June 1951). "Clinical and epidemiologic observations of Coxsackie-virus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 244 (23): 868–73. doi:10.1056/NEJM195106072442302. PMID 14843332.
^ DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (November 1952). "Adaptation of Group B Coxsackie virus to adult mouse pancreas". J. Exp. Med. 96 (5): 491–7. doi:10.1084/jem.96.5.491. PMC 2136156. PMID 13000059.
^ DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (January 1954). "Susceptibility of gravid mice to Coxsackie virus infection". J. Exp. Med. 99 (1): 21–7. doi:10.1084/jem.99.1.21. PMC 2136322. PMID 13118060.
^ DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (February 1955). "Recognition of mouse ectromelia". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 88 (2): 290–2. PMID 14357417.
^ "China says it controls viral outbreak in children". Reuters. 2007-05-20. In 2012, an outbreak of coxsackievirus in Southern West of Poland.

External links

3D macromolecular structures of Coxsackieviruses from the EM Data Bank(EMDB)

UpToDate Contents

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1. エンテロウイルスおよびパレコウイルス感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infections
2. 手足口病およびヘルパンギーナ：概要 hand foot and mouth disease and herpangina an overview
3. 口腔病変 oral lesions
4. 小児における非定型性発疹 atypical exanthems in children
5. 関節炎の原因となる特定のウイルス specific viruses that cause arthritis

English Journal

Combining cell lines to optimize isolation of human enterovirus from clinical specimens: Report of 25 years of experience.

Prim N, Rodríguez G, Margall N, Del Cuerpo M, Trallero G, Rabella N.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2013 Jan;85(1):116-20. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23426. Epub 2012 Nov 4.
Cell culture is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of human enteroviruses (HEVs) although molecular techniques are required for detection of some serotypes. Due to the diversity of HEVs, a single cell line is not susceptible to all serotypes, and several lines are required to optimize the iso
PMID 23124895

Isolation of two Chinese bovine enteroviruses and sequence analysis of their complete genomes.

Li Y, Chang J, Wang Q, Yu L.SourceState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2012 Dec;157(12):2369-75. doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1424-6. Epub 2012 Aug 1.
In this study, RNA corresponding to bovine enterovirus (BEV) was detected in 24.6 % of faecal samples (17/69) from diarrheic and healthy cattle in six different areas in China by an RT-PCR screening method. Furthermore, two cytopathic agents, designated as BHM26 and BJ50, were isolated from the bov
PMID 22851010

Japanese Journal

重症左心不全に対し，バルーン心房中隔裂開術を施行し救命し得た新生児心筋炎の1 例

平岩明子,齋藤和由,伊吹圭二郎,渡辺一洋,小澤綾佳,市田蕗子,宮脇利男,芳村直樹,小浦詩,藤田修平,二谷武,畑崎喜芳
Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 29(3), 149-155, 2013
　新生児期の心筋炎は極めて予後不良であり，救命のため体外補助循環の装着を必要とすることがある．コクサッキーB4 ウイルス性心筋炎による重症左心不全に対し，体外補助循環の代わりに，バルーン心房中隔裂開術（Balloon atrial septostomy 以下BAS）を施行し，救命しえた新生児例を経験した．この新生児では，肺うっ血と重症僧帽弁逆流を伴った重症左心不全に対して，内科的治療のみでは血行動 …
NAID 130003380031

臨床研究・症例報告コクサッキーB5による新生児心筋炎の1例

西海直子,村井竜太郎,安部治郎 [他]
小児科臨床 65(5), 1045-1049, 2012-05
NAID 40019225613

Comparison of the Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Fulminant and Acute Myocarditis in Children

SAJI Tsutomu,MATSUURA Hiroyuki,HASEGAWA Kei,NISHIKAWA Toshio,YAMAMOTO Eiichi,OHKI Hirotaka,YASUKOCHI Satoshi,ARAKAKI Yoshio,JOO Kunio,NAKAZAWA Makoto
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 76(5), 1222-1228, 2012-04-25
… coxsackie virus accounted for 60%. …
NAID 10030132778

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「KAP STEP2CK2008 002」「コクサッキーウイルス」「coxsackievirus」「Coxsackieウイルス」
拡張検索	「Coxsackie virus B4 infection」「Coxsackie virus myocarditis」
関連記事	「virus」

「KAP STEP2CK2008 002」

Coxsackievirus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Family:	Picornaviridae
Genus:	Enterovirus
Species:	Human enterovirus A, B

　　[★]

glossary

lancinating
throbbing
hilar lymphadenopathy
vitiligo
alopecia areata 円形脱毛症
trichotillomania
psyllium おおばこかオオバコ。緩下薬らしい
Coxsackie virus 手足口病
indolent 無痛性
commensals 共生
actinomycetes 放線菌

サルコイドーシス

疫学

peak age group for sarcoidosis is 20-40
more common in blacks
African Americanがヒント

病態

lungs, heart, kidneys, skin, liver, or other organ

uveitisも来す？
冒されやすい部位は皮膚、眼、肺

亜急性甲状腺炎

病原体：ウイルス

橋本病

Many patients also have other autoimmune diseases.
ホルモンの変化：hypothyroidism are also present in longer-standing cases. Early in the disease, as in this case, T4 and TSH levels may be normal.
MPO抗体は橋本病に特異的ではない；Graves disease and silent lymphocytic thyroiditisでも上がる

円形脱毛症

円形脱毛症と他の疾患の関連：autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, and Addison disease
皮膚科的特徴：exclamation hair

http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0701/p93.html

治療：triamcinolone or application of anthralin ointment has been beneficial in hastening recovery

プロペシア

フィナステリドは、5α-還元酵素II型を選択的に抑制することによりテストステロンからジヒドロテストステロンへの変換を阻害し、発毛作用を示すものと考えられる。

http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/249900XF1021_2_01/249900XF1021_2_01?view=body

同名半盲

bilateral temporal hemianopia and is due to chiasmatic lesions that compromise the crossing fibers originating from the temporal retina

単純ヘルペスウイルスの初感染患者について

Gingivostomatitis and pharyngitis are the most frequent clinical manifestations of primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection, and are most commonly seen in children and young adults. Clinical signs and symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, and cervical adenopathy. Common lesions may involve the hard and soft palate, gingiva, tongue, lips, and facial area.