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genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals (同)genus Aspergillus

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/07 14:53:22」(JST)

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Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. It has been an important research organism for studying eukaryotic cell biology^[1] for over 50 years,^[2] being used to study a wide range of subjects including recombination, DNA repair, mutation, cell cycle control, tubulin, chromatin, nucleokinesis, pathogenesis, metabolism,^[3] and experimental evolution.^[4] It is one of the few species in its genus able to form sexual spores through meiosis, allowing crossing of strains in the laboratory. A. nidulans is a homothallic fungus, meaning it is able to self-fertilize and form fruiting bodies in the absence of a mating partner. It has septate hyphae with a woolly colony texture and white mycelia. The green colour of wild-type colonies is due to pigmentation of the spores, while mutations in the pigmentation pathway can produce other spore colours.

Genome

The A. nidulans genome was sequenced in a collaboration between Monsanto and the Broad Institute.^[5] A sequence with 13-fold coverage was publicly released in March 2003;^[5] analysis of the annotated genome was published in Nature in December 2005.^[6] It is 30 million base pairs in size and is predicted to contain around 9,500 protein-coding genes on eight chromosomes.

Recently, several caspase-like proteases were isolated from A. nidulans samples under which programmed cell death had been induced. Findings such as these play a key role in determining the evolutionary conservation of the mitochondrion within the eukaryotic cell, and its role as an ancient proteobacterium capable of inducing cell death.^{[citation needed]}

Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction occurs in two fundamentally different ways. This is by outcrossing (heterothallic sex), in which two distinct individuals contribute nuclei, or by homothallic sex or self-fertilization (selfing) in which both nuclei are derived from the same individual. Selfing in A. nidulans involves activation of the same mating pathways characteristic of sex in outcrossing species, i.e. self-fertilization does not bypass required pathways for outcrossing sex but instead requires activation of these pathways within a single individual.^[7] Fusion of haploid nuclei occurs within reproductive structures termed “cleistothecia,” in which the diploid zygote undergoes meiotic divisions to yield haploid ascospores.

Use in Pharmaceutical Research

Anidulafungin^[8] is a semi-synthetic lipopeptide antifungal drug of Echinocandin B subclass, derived from a fermentation product of A. nidulans var. echinulatus strain A 32204, discovered in Germany in 1974;^[9] echinocandins destabilize the fungal cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of an integral component called glucan, via the noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase.^[10]^[11]

References

^ Osmani SA, Mirabito PM (2004). "The early impact of genetics on our understanding of cell cycle regulation in Aspergillus nidulans". Fungal Genet Biol 41 (4): 401–10. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2003.11.009. PMID 14998523.
^ Martinelli, S. D.; J. R. Kinghorn (1994). Aspergillus: 50 years on. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-81762-X.
^ Nierman WC, May G, Kim HS, Anderson MJ, Chen D, Denning DW (2005). "What the Aspergillus genomes have told us". Med Mycol. 43. Suppl 1 (s1): S3–5. doi:10.1080/13693780400029049. PMID 16110785.
^ Schoustra SE, Slakhorst, M,Debets, AJM, Hoekstra, RF (2005). "Comparing artificial and natural selection in rate of adaptation to genetic stress in Aspergillus nidulans". J Evol Biol 18 (4): 771–778. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00934.x.
^ ^a ^b "Aspergillus nidulans Project Information". Broad Institute. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
^ Galagan JE et al. (2005). "Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae". Nature 438 (7071): 1105–15. doi:10.1038/nature04341. PMID 16372000.
^ Paoletti M, Seymour FA, Alcocer MJ, Kaur N, Calvo AM, Archer DB, Dyer PS (August 2007). "Mating type and the genetic basis of self-fertility in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans". Curr. Biol. 17 (16): 1384–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.012. PMID 17669651.
^ "Anidulafungin EMA Europa".
^ Nyfeler R, Keller-Schierlein W (1974). "Metabolites of microorganisms. 143. Echinocandin B, a novel polypeptide-antibiotic from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus: isolation and structural components". Helv Chim Acta 57 (8): 2459–2477. doi:10.1002/hlca.19740570818. PMID 4613708.
^ Morris MI, Villmann M (September 2006). "Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, part 1". Am J Health Syst Pharm 63 (18): 1693–703. doi:10.2146/ajhp050464.p1. PMID 16960253.
^ Morris MI, Villmann M (October 2006). "Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, Part 2". Am J Health Syst Pharm 63 (19): 1813–20. doi:10.2146/ajhp050464.p2. PMID 16990627.

External links

Aspergillus nidulans genome
CADRE
Fungal Genetics Stock Center

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1. 慢性肺アスペルギルス症の治療 treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
2. 侵襲性アスペルギルス症の疫学および臨床症状 epidemiology and clinical manifestations of invasive aspergillosis
3. 慢性肺アスペルギルス症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
4. 侵襲性アスペルギルス症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of invasive aspergillosis
5. HIV感染患者における肺アスペルギルス症および侵襲性疾患の疫学および臨床症状 epidemiology and clinical manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in hiv infected patients

English Journal

Extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes.

Jónás A1, Fekete E1, Flipphi M2, Sándor E3, Jäger S1, Molnár AP1, Szentirmai A1, Karaffa L1.Author information 1Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.21] Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary [2] Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.3Institute of Food Processing, Quality Assurance and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.AbstractPenicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. We investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain NRRL 1951 with the high producing strain AS-P-78. Both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion. In silico analysis of the genome sequences revealed that P. chrysogenum features at least five putative β-galactosidase (bGal)-encoding genes at the annotated loci Pc22g14540, Pc12g11750, Pc16g12750, Pc14g01510 and Pc06g00600. The first two proteins appear to be orthologs of two Aspergillus nidulans family 2 intracellular glycosyl hydrolases expressed on lactose. The latter three P. chrysogenum proteins appear to be distinct paralogs of the extracellular bGal from A. niger, LacA, a family 35 glycosyl hydrolase. The P. chrysogenum genome also specifies two putative lactose transporter genes at the annotated loci Pc16g06850 and Pc13g08630. These are orthologs of paralogs of the gene encoding the high-affinity lactose permease (lacpA) in A. nidulans for which P. chrysogenum appears to lack the ortholog. Transcript analysis of Pc22g14540 showed that it was expressed exclusively on lactose, whereas Pc12g11750 was weakly expressed on all carbon sources tested, including D-glucose. Pc16g12750 was co-expressed with the two putative intracellular bGal genes on lactose and also responded on L-arabinose. The Pc13g08630 transcript was formed exclusively on lactose. The data strongly suggest that P. chrysogenum exhibits a dual assimilation strategy for lactose, simultaneously employing extracellular and intracellular hydrolysis, without any correlation to the penicillin-producing potential of the studied strains.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 2 April 2014; doi:10.1038/ja.2014.26.
The Journal of antibiotics.J Antibiot (Tokyo).2014 Apr 2. doi: 10.1038/ja.2014.26. [Epub ahead of print]
Penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. We investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain NRRL 1951 with the high producing strain AS-P-78. Both strains grew similarly on lactose as the
PMID 24690910

Functional characterization of a xylose transporter in Aspergillus nidulans.

Colabardini AC, Ries LN, Brown NA, Dos Reis TF, Savoldi M, Goldman MH, Menino JF, Rodrigues F, Goldman GH.AbstractBACKGROUND: The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks will only become economically feasible when the majority of cellulosic and hemicellulosic biopolymers can be efficiently converted into bioethanol. The main component of cellulose is glucose, whereas hemicelluloses mainly consist of pentose sugars such as D-xylose and L-arabinose. The genomes of filamentous fungi such as A. nidulans encode a multiplicity of sugar transporters with broad affinities for hexose and pentose sugars. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a long history of use in industrial fermentation processes, is not able to efficiently transport or metabolize pentose sugars (e.g. xylose). Subsequently, the aim of this study was to identify xylose-transporters from A. nidulans, as potential candidates for introduction into S. cerevisiae in order to improve xylose utilization.
Biotechnology for biofuels.Biotechnol Biofuels.2014 Apr 1;7(1):46. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks will only become economically feasible when the majority of cellulosic and hemicellulosic biopolymers can be efficiently converted into bioethanol. The main component of cellulose is glucose, whereas hemicelluloses mainly consi
PMID 24690493

Multiple Nuclear Localization Signals Mediate Nuclear Localization of the GATA Transcription Factor AreA.

Hunter CC1, Siebert KS, Downes DJ, Wong KH, Kreutzberger SD, Fraser JA, Clarke DF, Hynes MJ, Davis MA, Todd RB.Author information 1Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.AbstractThe Aspergillus nidulans GATA transcription factor AreA activates transcription of nitrogen metabolic genes in response to nitrogen limitation and is known to accumulate in the nucleus during nitrogen starvation. Sequence analysis of AreA revealed multiple nuclear localization signals (NLSs), five putative classical NLSs conserved in fungal AreA orthologs but not in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae functional orthologs Gln3p and Gat1p, and one putative noncanonical RRX33RXR bipartite NLS within the DNA-binding domain. In order to identify the functional NLSs in AreA, we constructed areA mutants with mutations in individual putative NLSs or combinations of putative NLSs and strains expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-AreA NLS fusion genes. Deletion of all five classical NLSs individually or collectively did not affect utilization of nitrogen sources or AreA-dependent gene expression and did not prevent AreA nuclear localization. Mutation of the bipartite NLS conferred the inability to utilize alternative nitrogen sources and abolished AreA-dependent gene expression likely due to effects on DNA binding but did not prevent AreA nuclear localization. Mutation of all six NLSs simultaneously prevented AreA nuclear accumulation. The bipartite NLS alone strongly directed GFP to the nucleus, whereas the classical NLSs collaborated to direct GFP to the nucleus. Therefore, AreA contains multiple conserved NLSs, which show redundancy and together function to mediate nuclear import. The noncanonical bipartite NLS is conserved in GATA factors from Aspergillus, yeast, and mammals, indicating an ancient origin.
Eukaryotic cell.Eukaryot Cell.2014 Apr;13(4):527-38. doi: 10.1128/EC.00040-14. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
The Aspergillus nidulans GATA transcription factor AreA activates transcription of nitrogen metabolic genes in response to nitrogen limitation and is known to accumulate in the nucleus during nitrogen starvation. Sequence analysis of AreA revealed multiple nuclear localization signals (NLSs), five p
PMID 24562911

Japanese Journal

Comprehensive Analysis of the DNA-Binding Specificity of an Aspergillus nidulans Transcription Factor, AmyR, Using a Bead Display System

WANG Panhui,KOJIMA Takaaki,KOBAYASHI Tetsuo [他]
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(6), 1128-1134, 2012-06
NAID 40019319947

Improved biomass saccharification by Trichoderma reesei through heterologous expression of lacA gene from Trametes sp. AH28-2(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Zhang Jiwei,Qu Yinbo,Xiao Peng,Wang Xiaoyan,Wang Tianhong,He Feng
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 113(6), 697-703, 2012-06
… The lacA cDNA was under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. …
NAID 110009470588

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アスペルギルス属」「偽巣性コウジ菌」「ペントスタチン」「アスペルギルス・ニデュランス」「A. nidulans」
関連記事	「Aspergillus」

「アスペルギルス属」

Aspergillus nidulans
	A. nidulans with wild-type green spores, grown under laboratory conditions.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukarya
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Ascomycota
Class:	Eurotiomycetes
Order:	Eurotiales
Family:	Trichocomaceae
Genus:	Aspergillus
Species:	A. nidulans
Binomial name
	Aspergillus nidulans; G Winter 1884
Synonyms
	Emericella nidulans

　　[★]

ラ: Aspergillus
同: Aspergillus属
同: コウジカビ
関: アスペルギルス症

ラクトフェノール・コトン青による染色で

生物的特徴

真菌
腐生性の不完全菌に属する糸状菌
有隔性菌糸を持つ(branching septate hyphae)
土壌や朽ちた植物に存在。空気中に浮遊胞子として存在。アスペルギルスの分生子は暖かく湿った場所で多く作られる　→　空調器のエアフィルターや加湿器などで増殖
日和見病原体。基礎疾患(好中球減少や免疫不全症)を有する患者に感染

感染経路

空気感染

A. fumigatusの胞子は2-3.5umで、気管支に達し肺を冒す