wild type

WordNet

1. write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
2. a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
3. (biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
5. all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
6. printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
7. identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
8. marked by extreme lack of restraint or control; "wild talk"; "wild parties"
9. a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; "he lived in the wild"; "they collected mushrooms in the wild" (同)natural state, state of nature
10. in a natural state; not tamed or domesticated or cultivated; "wild geese"; "edible wild plants" (同)untamed
11. deviating widely from an intended course; "a wild bullet"; "he threw a wild pitch"
12. in a state of extreme emotion; "wild with anger"; "wild with grief"
13. in a wild or undomesticated manner; "growing wild"; "roaming wild"
14. a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree)
15. an outrageous rampage usually involving sexual attacks by men on women
16. writing done with a typewriter (同)typewriting

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(…の)『型』,タイプ,類型,種類(kind)《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(その種類の特質を最もよく表している)『典型』,手本,模範《+of+名》 / 〈U〉《集合的に》活字;〈C〉(1個の)活字 / 〈U〉(印刷された)字体,活字 / 〈C〉(貨幣・メダルなどの)模様,図柄 / 〈C〉血液型(blood group) / …‘を'タイプに打つ / (…として)…‘を'分類する《+名+as+名(doing)》 / …‘の'型を決める / タイプライターを打つ
2. (植物・果実・はちみつなどが)『野生の』 / (鳥獣などが)『野生の』,飼い慣らされていない / (人・気性などが)『乱暴な』,無法な,手に負えない / 《おもに補語に用いて》『気違いじみた』,熱狂的な,ひどく興奮した / 《補語にのみ用いて》『熱望して』;夢中になって / (天候・海・時勢などが)『荒れた』,激しい / (人・種族などが)『未開の』 / (土地などが)『自然のままの』,荒涼とした / (計画などが)『とっぴな』,でたらめな / 的はずれの,見当違いの / 乱れた,だらしない / 《話》よい,愉快な / 『乱暴に』,やたらに;でたらめに / 荒野,荒れ地,大自然のままの状態

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/13 11:50:31」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Unlike culinary bananas, wild type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.

Wild type (abbreviation wt) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature. Originally, the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard "normal" allele at a locus, in contrast to that produced by a non-standard, "mutant" allele. "Mutant” alleles can vary to a great extent, and even become the wild type if a genetic shift occurs within the population. Continued advancements in genetic mapping technologies have created a better understanding of how mutations occur and interact with other genes to alter phenotype. It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci exist in a variety of allelic forms, which vary in frequency throughout the geographic range of a species, and that a uniform wild type does not exist. In general, however, the most prevalent allele – i.e., the one with the highest gene frequency - is the one deemed as wild type.

The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or wing shape are known to be altered by particular gene mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes, such as "apricot" "bar eyes" or "vestigial wings". Wild-type alleles are indicated with a "+" superscript, for example B⁺ and vg⁺ for round eyes and full-size wings, respectively. Manipulation of the genes behind these traits led to the current understanding of how organisms form and how traits mutate within a population. Research involving the manipulation of wild-type alleles has application in many fields, including fighting disease and commercial food production.

Medical Applications

The genetic code for wild-type versus “mutant” phenotypes and how these genes interact in expression is the subject of much research. Better understanding of these processes is hoped to bring about methods for preventing and curing diseases that are currently incurable such as cancer and the Herpes virus. One example of such promising research in these fields was the study done examining the link between wild-type mutations and certain types of lung cancer. As gene observation technology continues to advance, such cures could possibly be locked in our own genes. Research is also being done dealing with the manipulation of certain wild-type traits in viruses to develop new vaccines. This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus and HIV. Research using wild-type mutations is also being done to establish how viruses transition between species to identify harmful viruses with the potential to infect humans. Some current ethical debate also revolves around the ability to potentially alter genes with mutations to prevent genetic diseases. Individual genome sequencing is available to individuals hoping to find out their genetic code which where mutations occurred and can indicate their likelihood to develop certain diseases or disorders.

Commercial Applications

Selective breeding to enhance the most beneficial traits is the structure upon which agriculture is built. Genetic manipulation expedited the evolution process to make crop plants and animals larger and more disease resistant. Research into wild-type mutations has allowed the creation of genetically modified crops that are more efficient food producers, which is a major reason behind world hunger being at all-time lows. Genetic alteration of plants leads to not only larger crop production, but also more nutritious products, allowing isolated populations to receive vital vitamins and mineral that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Utilization of these wild-type mutations has also led to plants capable of growing in extremely arid environments, making more of the planet habitable than ever before. As more is understood about these genes, agriculture will continue to become a more efficient process, which will be relied upon to sustain a continually growing population. Amplification of advantageous genes allows the best traits in a population to be present at much higher percentages than normal, although this practice has been the subject of some ethical debate. These changes have also been the reason behind certain plants and animals being almost unrecognizable when compared to their ancestral lines.

See also

• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Crop wild relative

References

External links

• "Absence of the wild-type allele" - Pediatrics
• "Genetically-spliced bacteria may benefit agriculture" - Sarasota Herald-Tribune
• "Reading of DNA allows creation of synthetic vaccines" - Star News
• "A Curious Clue in Cats" - Newsday
• "A Genetically Engineered Agriculture Revolution?" - The Telegraph
• "Wild Type Learning Activity"
• "Wild-Type vs. Mutant"
• "Genetic Background"

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. HIV薬剤耐性検査の解釈についての手引 primer on interpretation of hiv drug resistance testing
• 2. HIV感染の臨床的マネージメントにおける薬剤耐性試験 drug resistance testing in the clinical management of hiv infection
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• 4. HIV-1感染の免疫学 immunology of hiv 1 infection
• 5. 非ヌクレオシド系逆転写酵素阻害剤の薬理学 pharmacology of non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

English Journal

• Genome-wide and single-cell analyses reveal a context dependent relationship between CBP recruitment and gene expression.

• Kasper LH1, Qu C2, Obenauer JC2, McGoldrick DJ2, Brindle PK3.
• Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Feb 1;42(18):11363-82. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku827. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
• Genome-wide distribution of histone H3K18 and H3K27 acetyltransferases, CBP (CREBBP) and p300 (EP300), is used to map enhancers and promoters, but whether these elements functionally require CBP/p300 remains largely uncertain. Here we compared global CBP recruitment with gene expression in wild-type
• PMID 25249627

• Mechanism of allosteric inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase revealed by single-molecule and ensemble fluorescence.

• Schauer GD1, Huber KD2, Leuba SH3, Sluis-Cremer N2.
• Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Feb 1;42(18):11687-96. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku819. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) are routinely used to treat HIV-1 infection, yet their mechanism of action remains unclear despite intensive investigation. In this study, we developed complementary single-molecule fluorescence and ensemble fluorescence anisotropy approa
• PMID 25232099

Japanese Journal

• Cholestasis induces reversible accumulation of periplakin in mouse liver.

• Ito Shinji,Satoh Junko,Matsubara Tsutomu,Shah Yatrik M,Ahn Sung-Hoon,Anderson Cherie R,Shan Weiwei,Peters Jeffrey M,Gonzalez Frank J
• BMC gastroenterology 13, 2013-07-00
• … In contrast, the expression was dramatically increased during cholestasis, with massive PPL accumulation observed at the boundaries of hepatocytes in wild-type mice. …
• NAID 120005307061

• Enhancement of production of eugenol and its glycosides in transgenic aspen plants via genetic engineering.

• Koeduka Takao,Suzuki Shiro,Iijima Yoko,Ohnishi Toshiyuki,Suzuki Hideyuki,Watanabe Bunta,Shibata Daisuke,Umezawa Toshiaki,Pichersky Eran,Hiratake Jun
• Biochemical and biophysical research communications 436(1), 73-78, 2013-06-21
• … Gas chromatography analyses revealed that wild-type hybrid aspen produced small amount of eugenol in leaves. …
• NAID 120005296113

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「WT」「野生型」「wildtype」
拡張検索	「wild-type strain」「wild-type」「wild-type cell」
関連記事	「type」「typed」「typing」「wild」

「WT」

　　[★]

• 野生型、野生株

関

wild strain、wild type、wild-type、wild-type strain、wildtype

「野生型」

　　[★]

英

wild type、WT、wild-type、wildtype

関

野生株

「wildtype」

　　[★]

• 野生型の

関

wild type、wild-type、WT

「wild-type strain」

　　[★]

• 野生株、野生型株

関

wild strain、WT

「wild-type」

　　[★]

• 野生型の

関

wild type、wildtype、WT

「wild-type cell」

　　[★]

• 野生型細胞、野生株細胞

「type」

　　[★]

• n.

• 型、タイプ、(生物)タイプ標本

(windows)ファイル内容表示(linux -> cat])

ex. type report_20111118.jp.htm | php a.php > report_20111118.jp.jp.jp.html

関

form、mode、pattern、type specimen、typed

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「typed」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 型の

関

form、mode、pattern、type

「typing」

　　[★]

• n.

• タイプで打つこと、タイピング。分類

　

「wild」

　　[★]

• 野生の

関

feral