wildtype

• 野生型の

関

wild type、wild-type、WT

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/30 21:57:05」(JST)

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Unlike culinary bananas, wild-type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.

Wild type (WT) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature. Originally, the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard "normal" allele at a locus, in contrast to that produced by a non-standard, "mutant" allele. "Mutant" alleles can vary to a great extent, and even become the wild type if a genetic shift occurs within the population. Continued advancements in genetic mapping technologies have created a better understanding of how mutations occur and interact with other genes to alter phenotype. It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci exist in a variety of allelic forms, which vary in frequency throughout the geographic range of a species, and that a uniform wild type does not exist. In general, however, the most prevalent allele – i.e., the one with the highest gene frequency – is the one deemed as wild type.

The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or wing shape are known to be altered by particular mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes, such as "white eyes" or "vestigial wings". Wild-type alleles are indicated with a "+" superscript, for example w⁺ and vg⁺ for red eyes and full-size wings, respectively. Manipulation of the genes behind these traits led to the current understanding of how organisms form and how traits mutate within a population. Research involving the manipulation of wild-type alleles has application in many fields, including fighting disease and commercial food production.

Medical applications

The genetic sequence for wild-type versus "mutant" phenotypes and how these genes interact in expression is the subject of much research. Better understanding of these processes is hoped to bring about methods for preventing and curing diseases that are currently incurable such as infection with the Herpes virus. One example of such promising research in these fields was the study done examining the link between wild-type mutations and certain types of lung cancer. Research is also being done dealing with the manipulation of certain wild-type traits in viruses to develop new vaccines. This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus and HIV. Research using wild-type mutations is also being done to establish how viruses transition between species to identify harmful viruses with the potential to infect humans.

Commercial applications

Selective breeding to enhance the most beneficial traits is the structure upon which agriculture is built. Genetic manipulation expedited the evolution process to make crop plants and animals larger and more disease resistant. Research into wild-type mutations has allowed the creation of genetically modified crops that are more efficient food producers, which is a major reason behind world hunger being at all-time lows. Genetic alteration of plants leads to not only larger crop production, but also more nutritious products, allowing isolated populations to receive vital vitamins and mineral that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Utilization of these wild-type mutations has also led to plants capable of growing in extremely arid environments, making more of the planet habitable than ever before. As more is understood about these genes, agriculture will continue to become a more efficient process, which will be relied upon to sustain a continually growing population. Amplification of advantageous genes allows the best traits in a population to be present at much higher percentages than normal, although this practice has been the subject of some ethical debate. These changes have also been the reason behind certain plants and animals being almost unrecognizable when compared to their ancestral lines.

See also

• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Crop wild relative

References

External links

• "Absence of the wild-type allele" – Pediatrics
• "Genetically-spliced bacteria may benefit agriculture" – Sarasota Herald-Tribune
• "Reading of DNA allows creation of synthetic vaccines" – Star News
• "A Curious Clue in Cats" – Newsday
• "A Genetically Engineered Agriculture Revolution?" – The Telegraph
• "Wild Type Learning Activity"
• "Wild-Type vs. Mutant"
• "Genetic Background"

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 有毛細胞白血病の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia
• 2. 非喫煙者における肺癌 lung cancer in never smokers

English Journal

• To attack, or not to attack? The role of serotonin transporter genotype in the display of maternal aggression.

• Heiming RS, Mönning A, Jansen F, Kloke V, Lesch KP, Sachser N.SourceDepartment of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany. Electronic address: RebeccaHeiming@googlemail.com.
• Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2013 Apr 1;242:135-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.045. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
• Aggressive behavior in males has been intensively investigated regarding the influence of the brain serotonergic system. Despite some inconsistencies, a general conclusion is that low levels of serotonin (5-HT) are associated with high levels of male aggression. The role of the serotonergic system f
• PMID 23291155

• Dopamine D(3) receptor activation promotes neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation through AKT and ERK1/2 pathways and expands type-B and -C cells in adult subventricular zone.

• Lao CL, Lu CS, Chen JC.SourceDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Kwei-Shan, Taiwan.
• Glia.Glia.2013 Apr;61(4):475-89. doi: 10.1002/glia.22449. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
• The neurotransmitter dopamine acts on the subventricular zone (SVZ) to regulate both prenatal and postnatal neurogenesis, in particular through D(3) receptor (D(3) R) subtype. In this study, we explored the cellular mechanism(s) underlying D(3) R-mediated cell proliferation and tested if systemic d
• PMID 23322492

• Expression of Pannexin1 in the outer plexiform layer of the mouse retina and physiological impact of its knockout.

• Kranz K, Dorgau B, Pottek M, Herrling R, Schultz K, Bolte P, Monyer H, Penuela S, Laird DW, Dedek K, Weiler R, Janssen-Bienhold U.SourceDepartment of Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
• The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Apr 1;521(5):1119-35. doi: 10.1002/cne.23223.
• Pannexin1 (Panx1) belongs to a class of vertebrate proteins that exhibits sequence homology to innexins, the invertebrate gap junction proteins, and which also shares topological similarities with vertebrate gap junction proteins, the connexins. Unlike gap junctional channels, Panx1 forms single-mem
• PMID 22965528

Japanese Journal

• The fatty acid binding protein 6 gene (Fabp6) is expressed in murine granulosa cells and is involved in ovulatory response to superstimulation

• , , , , , ,
• Journal of Reproduction and Development advpub(0), 2015
• … The ovulation rate in response to superovulatory treatment in Fabp6-deficient mice was markedly decreased compared to wildtype (C57BL/6) mice. …
• NAID 130004774206

• Deleting maternal Gtl2 leads to growth enhancement and decreased expression of stem cell markers in teratoma

• , , [他],
• Journal of Reproduction and Development 61(1), 7-12, 2015
• … To determine the role of ncRNAs in tumorigenesis, we induced teratomas by engrafting E6.5 embryos (wildtype or Gtl2(–/+)) under the kidney capsule of scid mice. …
• NAID 130004774180

• Tenascin‐C Aggravates Autoimmune Myocarditis via Dendritic Cell Activation and Th17 Cell Differentiation

• Machino‐Ohtsuka Tomoko,Tajiri Kazuko,Kimura Taizo,Sakai Satoshi,Sato Akira,Yoshida Toshimichi,Hiroe Michiaki,Yasutomi Yasuhiro,Aonuma Kazutaka,Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko
• Journal of the American Heart Association 2014(3), e001052, 2014-11
• Background Tenascin‐C (TN‐C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, appears at several important steps of cardiac development in the embryo, but is sparse in the normal adult heart. TN‐C re‐expresses …
• NAID 120005525834

Related Links

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「WT」「野生型」「wild-type」

「WT」

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• 野生型、野生株

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wild strain、wild type、wild-type、wild-type strain、wildtype

「野生型」

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英

wild type、WT、wild-type、wildtype

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野生株

「wild-type」

　　[★]

• 野生型の

関

wild type、wildtype、WT