WordNet

arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene (同)vinyl_group, vinyl radical
shiny and tough and flexible plastic; used especially for floor coverings
arranged into groups (同)sorted

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(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/18 03:25:18」(JST)

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Chemical structure of the vinyl functional group.

In chemistry, vinyl or ethenyl^[1] is the functional group −CH=CH₂, namely the ethylene molecule (H₂C=CH₂) minus one hydrogen atom. The name is also used for any compound containing that group, namely R−CH=CH₂ where R is any other group of atoms.

An industrially important example is vinyl chloride, precursor to PVC, a plastic commonly known as vinyl.

Chessboard made from polyvinyl chloride

Vinyl is one of the alkenyl functional groups. On a carbon skeleton, sp²-hybridized carbons or positions are often called vinylic. Allyls, acrylates and styrenics contain vinyl groups. (A styrenic crosslinker with two vinyl groups is called divinyl benzene.)

Etymology

The etymology of vinyl is the Latin vinum = "wine", because of its relationship with alcohol (in its original sense of ethyl alcohol). The term "vinyl" was coined by the German chemist Hermann Kolbe in 1851.^[2]

Vinyl polymers

Vinyl groups can polymerize with the aid of a radical initiator or a catalyst, forming vinyl polymers. In these polymers, the double bonds of the vinyl monomers turn into single bonds and the different monomers are joined by single bonds. Vinyl groups do not exist in vinyl polymer; the term refers to the precursor. It is sometimes important to ascertain the absence of unreacted vinyl monomer in the final product when the monomer is toxic or reduces the performance of the plastic. The following table gives some examples of vinyl polymers.

Monomer example	Example of resulting polymer
Vinyl chloride	Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Vinyl fluoride	Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)
Vinyl acetate	Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)

The vinylidene and vinylene derivatives can polymerize in the same manner.

Reactivity

Vinyl derivatives are alkenes. If activated by an adjacent group, the increased polarization of the bond gives rise to characteristic reactivity, which is termed vinylogous:

In allyl compounds, where the next carbon is saturated but substituted once, allylic rearrangement and related reactions are observed.
- Allyl Grignard reagents can attack with the vinyl end first.
If next to an electron-withdrawing group, conjugate addition (Michael addition) occurs.

Vinyl organometallics, e.g. vinyl lithium, participate in coupling reactions such as in Negishi coupling.

Vinyl gloves in medicine

When used as medical gloves, due to vinyl gloves having less flexibility and elasticity, several guidelines recommend either latex or nitrile gloves for clinical care and procedures that require manual dexterity and/or that involve patient contact for more than a brief period.^[3]

Vinyl gloves show poor resistance to many chemicals, including glutaraldehyde based products and alcohols used in formulation of disinfectants for swabbing down work surfaces or in hand rubs.^[3]

Allergies

Several publications have highlighted cases of skin reactions due to chemical additives used in the manufacturing process of vinyl gloves:

Bisphenol A, which is used as an antioxidant in PVC plastics and as an inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC, has been identified as a cause of some cases of allergic contact dermatitis.
Exacerbation of hand dermatitis while using PVC gloves was noted in 8 patients who were allergic to benzisothiazolinone, a biocide widely used in the manufacture of disposable PVC gloves.
Other studies identified additional chemical agents, such as an adipic polyester26, propylene glycol compound

and ethylhexylmaleate27, as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis in vinyl gloves.^[3]

References

^ IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter 5
^ H. Kolbe (1851), "On the chemical constitution and nature of organic radicals," The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, 3 (4) : 369-405; see footnote on page 376.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Vinyl Gloves: Causes For Concern" (PDF). Ansell (glove manufacturer). Retrieved 17 November 2015.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

DFT and TD-DFT study on geometries, electronic structures and electronic absorption of some metal free dye sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells.

Mohr T1, Aroulmoji V2, Ravindran RS2, Müller M3, Ranjitha S4, Rajarajan G2, Anbarasan PM5.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Jan 25;135:1066-73. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.094. Epub 2014 Aug 12.
The geometries, electronic structures, polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (henna1), 3-(5-((1E)-2-(1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-3-yloxy) vinyl) thiophen-2-yl)-2-isocyanoacrylic acid (henna2) and anthocyanin dye sensitizers were studied based on density fun
PMID 25173523

FTIR, Raman and NMR spectroscopic and DFT theoretical studies on poly(N-vinylimidazole).

Talu M1, Demiroğlu EU2, Yurdakul Ş3, Badoğlu S4.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Jan 5;134:267-75. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.101. Epub 2014 Jun 24.
In this study where the FTIR, Raman, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectra of poly(N-vinylimidazole) which can be abbreviated as poly(NVIM) are first reported, a comparison of the experimental and theoretical vibrational spectral data of monomer NVIM and water-soluble poly(NVIM) has been given; such a comp
PMID 25022498

Synthesis of thiolated glycosaminoglycans and grafting to solid surfaces.

Köwitsch A1, Jurado Abreu M2, Chhalotre A3, Hielscher M4, Fischer S5, Mäder K6, Groth T7.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Dec 19;114:344-51. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.027. Epub 2014 Aug 23.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with varying degree of sulfation were chemically modified to obtain thiolated analogues (tGAGs) for subsequent surface grafting on vinyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers. Thiolation was achieved by the use of the disulfide containing crosslinker 3,3'-dithiobis(propanoic
PMID 25263900

Japanese Journal

分解性熱硬化性樹脂開発のためのヘミアセタールエステル結合を有する多官能性モノマーの合成と重合

水口順子/漆崎美智遠/阪口壽一/橋本保,漆崎美智遠,阪口壽一,橋本保,Junko MIZUGUCHI,Michio URUSHISAKI,Toshikazu SAKAGUCHI,Tamotsu HASHIMOTO
福井大学大学院工学研究科研究報告 61, 91-96, 2013-03-29
… reaction of methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers with an epoxy group, 4-vinyloxybutylglycidyl ether (VBGE) and cyclohexane dirnethanol vinyl glycidyl ether (CHDMVG) provided two sorts of triple functional monomers with a polymerizable vinyl group, a curable epoxy group,and an acid-sensitive degradable hemiacetal linkage (GBEM and GMCHMEM, respectively).GBEM and GMCHMEM were polymerized with 2,2'-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) to …
NAID 110009558004

Cellulose propionate/poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) blends: dependence of the miscibility on propionyl DS and copolymer composition

Sugimura Kazuki,Katano Shougo,Teramoto Yoshikuni,Nishio Yoshiyuki
Cellulose 20(1), 239-252, 2013-02-00
… Blend miscibility of cellulose propionate (CP) with synthetic copolymers comprising N-vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) and vinyl acetate (VAc) units was examined, and a data map was constructed as a function of the degree of substitution (DS) of CP and the VP fraction in the copolymer component. … (3) intramolecular repulsion between the two units constituting the vinyl copolymer; …
NAID 120005241339

Preparation of Adsorptive Fibers for Removal of Cesium from Seawater

岡村雄介,藤原邦夫,飯島直樹,正田哲也,鈴木晃一,須郷高信,清水威,板垣龍人,高橋淳,小野孝之,菊池隆,染谷孝明,石原量,小島隆,梅野太輔,斎藤恭一
日本イオン交換学会誌 24(1), 8-13, 2013
… First, an anion-exchange-group-containing vinyl monomer (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, DMAEMA) was graft-polymerized onto a γ-ray-irradiated 6-nylon fiber. …
NAID 130003375923