関: dysuria、micturition disorder

WordNet

painful or difficult urination
bring disorder to (同)disarray
a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
a disturbance of the peace or of public order
not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/30 04:07:56」(JST)

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Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system.

Kidney diseases are normally investigated and treated by nephrologists, while the specialty of urology deals with problems in the other organs. Gynecologists may deal with problems of incontinence in women.

Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance, it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension.^[1]

Diabetes also can have a direct effect on urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetics.

Kidney disease

Renal failure is defined by functional impairment of the kidney. Renal failure can be acute or chronic, and can be further broken down into categories of pre-renal, intrinsic renal and post-renal.

Pre-renal failure refers to impairment of supply of blood to the functional nephrons including renal artery stenosis. Intrinsic renal diseases are the classic diseases of the kidney including drug toxicity and nephritis. Post-renal failure is outlet obstruction after the kidney, such as a kidney stone or prostatic bladder outlet obstruction. Renal failure may require medication, dietary and lifestyle modification and dialysis.

Primary renal cell carcinomas as well as metastatic cancers can affect the kidney.

Non-renal urinary tract disease

The causes of diseases of the body are common to the urinary tract. Structural and or traumatic change can lead to hemorrhage, functional blockage or inflammation. Colonisation by bacteria, protozoa or fungi can cause infection. Uncontrolled cell growth can cause neoplasia. For example:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), interstitial cystitis
incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), benign prostatic hyperplasia (where the prostate overgrows), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate).
Urinary retention, which is a common complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), though it can also be caused by other types of urinary tract obstruction, nerve dysfunction, tethered spinal cord syndrome, constipation, infection and certain medications.
Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder cancer), renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer), and prostate cancer are examples of neoplasms affecting the urinary system.
Urinary tract obstruction

The term "uropathy" refers to a disease of the urinary tract, while "nephropathy" refers to a disease of the kidney.

Testing

Biochemical blood tests determine the amount of typical markers of renal function in the blood serum, for instance serum urea and serum creatinine. Biochemistry can also be used to determine serum electrolytes. Special biochemical tests (arterial blood gas) can determine the amount of dissolved gases in the blood, indicating if pH imbalances are acute or chronic.

Urinalysis is a test that studies urine for abnormal substances such as protein or signs of infection.

A Full Ward Test, also known as dipstick urinalysis, involves the dipping of a biochemically active test strip into the urine specimen to determine levels of tell-tale chemicals in the urine.
Urinalysis can also involve MC&S microscopy, culture and sensitivity

Urodynamic tests evaluate the storage of urine in the bladder and the flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. It may be performed in cases of incontinence or neurological problems affecting the urinary tract.

Ultrasound is commonly performed to investigate problems of the kidney and/or urinary tract.

Radiology:

KUB is plain radiography of the urinary system, e.g. to identify kidney stones.
An intravenous pyelogram studies the shape of the urinary system.
CAT scans and MRI can also be useful in localising urinary tract pathology.
A voiding cystogram is a functional study where contrast "dye" is injected through a catheter into the bladder. Under x-ray the radiologist asks the patient to void (usually young children) and will watch the contrast exiting the body on the x-ray monitor. This examines the child's bladder and lower urinary tract. Typically looking for vesicoureteral reflux, involving urine backflow up into the kidneys.

References

^ Baba, T; Murabayashi, S; Tomiyama, T; Takebe, K (1990). "Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function". The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 161 (4): 311–8. doi:10.1620/tjem.161.311. PMID 2256104.

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English Journal

Climacturia after definitive treatment of prostate cancer.

O'Neil BB1, Presson A2, Gannon J1, Stephenson RA3, Lowrance W3, Dechet CB3, Tward JD4, Myers JB1, Brant WO1.Author information 1Division of Urology, Center for Reconstructive Urology and Men's Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.2Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.3Division of Urology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.4Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.AbstractPURPOSE: Prostate cancer treatment results in several sexually related side effects beyond the well studied erectile dysfunction. Climacturia (leakage of urine during orgasm) has been reported after prostatectomy but studies have been limited by multiple factors. In this study we examine the prevalence, causes and impact on orgasm function of climacturia after definitive treatment of prostate cancer with surgery or radiation.
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PURPOSE: Prostate cancer treatment results in several sexually related side effects beyond the well studied erectile dysfunction. Climacturia (leakage of urine during orgasm) has been reported after prostatectomy but studies have been limited by multiple factors. In this study we examine the prevale
PMID 24050893

Treatment status and progression or regression of lower urinary tract symptoms in a general adult population sample.

Maserejian NN1, Chen S2, Chiu GR2, Araujo AB2, Kupelian V2, Hall SA2, McKinlay JB2.Author information 1New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts. Electronic address: nmaserejian@neriscience.com.2New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts.AbstractPURPOSE: We report progression and regression of lower urinary tract symptoms in a population based cohort by race/ethnicity, gender, age and lower urinary tract symptom medication use.
The Journal of urology.J Urol.2014 Jan;191(1):107-13. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.07.005. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
PURPOSE: We report progression and regression of lower urinary tract symptoms in a population based cohort by race/ethnicity, gender, age and lower urinary tract symptom medication use.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The BACH (Boston Area Community Health) Survey enrolled 5,502 participants 30 to 79 years ol
PMID 23851181

Abatacept in B7-1-positive proteinuric kidney disease.

Yu CC, Fornoni A, Weins A, Hakroush S, Maiguel D, Sageshima J, Chen L, Ciancio G, Faridi MH, Behr D, Campbell KN, Chang JM, Chen HC, Oh J, Faul C, Arnaout MA, Fiorina P, Gupta V, Greka A, Burke GW 3rd, Mundel P.Author information From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (C.-C.Y., A.W., S.H., D.B., M.A.A., A.G., P.M.), Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (A.W.), and Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston (P.F.) - all in Boston; the Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine (C.-C.Y.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.-M.C., H.-C.C.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.F., D.M., M.H.F., C.F., V.G.) and Lilian Jean Kaplan Division of Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation, Miami Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery (J.S., L.C., G.C., G.W.B.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (K.N.C.); and Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.O.).AbstractAbatacept (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin fusion protein [CTLA-4-Ig]) is a costimulatory inhibitor that targets B7-1 (CD80). The present report describes five patients who had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (four with recurrent FSGS after transplantation and one with primary FSGS) and proteinuria with B7-1 immunostaining of podocytes in kidney-biopsy specimens. Abatacept induced partial or complete remissions of proteinuria in these patients, suggesting that B7-1 may be a useful biomarker for the treatment of some glomerulopathies. Our data indicate that abatacept may stabilize β1-integrin activation in podocytes and reduce proteinuria in patients with B7-1-positive glomerular disease.
The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2013 Dec 19;369(25):2416-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1304572. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
Abatacept (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin fusion protein [CTLA-4-Ig]) is a costimulatory inhibitor that targets B7-1 (CD80). The present report describes five patients who had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (four with recurrent FSGS after transplantation and on
PMID 24206430

Japanese Journal

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日本老年医学会雑誌 49(5), 582-585, 2012-09
NAID 40019475511

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NAID 10030983465

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