三重点

WordNet

mark with diacritics; "point the letter"
a very small circular shape; "a row of points"; "draw lines between the dots" (同)dot
an instant of time; "at that point I had to leave" (同)point in time
repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney" (同)repoint
a V shape; "the cannibals teeth were filed to sharp points" (同)tip, peak
a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inch
a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect
one percent of the total principal of a loan; it is paid at the time the loan is made and is independent of the interest on the loan
the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest; "he scored 20 points in the first half"; "a touchdown counts 6 points"
the gun muzzles direction; "he held me up at the point of a gun" (同)gunpoint
the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip (同)pointedness
a wall socket (同)power_point
an outstanding characteristic; "his acting was one of the high points of the movie" (同)spot
a distinguishing or individuating characteristic; "he knows my bad points as well as my good points"
sharp end; "he stuck the point of the knife into a tree"; "he broke the point of his pencil"
a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north" (同)head
a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point"
a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates"
a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point"
the object of an activity; "what is the point of discussing it?"
the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street"
be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease"
indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle; "the dog pointed the dead duck"
mark (a psalm text) to indicate the points at which the music changes
mark (Hebrew words) with diacritics
cause to stumble; "The questions on the test tripped him up" (同)trip_up
a hallucinatory experience induced by drugs; "an acid trip"
an unintentional but embarrassing blunder; "he recited the whole poem without a single trip"; "he arranged his robes to avoid a trip-up later"; "confusion caused his unfortunate misstep" (同)trip-up, stumble, misstep
a journey for some purpose (usually including the return); "he took a trip to the shopping center"
a light or nimble tread; "he heard the trip of womens feet overhead"
an exciting or stimulating experience (同)head trip
put in motion or move to act; "trigger a reaction"; "actuate the circuits" (同)actuate, trigger, activate, set_off, spark off, spark, trigger off, touch off
get high, stoned, or drugged; "He trips every weekend" (同)trip out, turn_on, get_off
hit a three-base hit
increase threefold; "Triple your income!" (同)treble
a base hit at which the batter stops safely at third base (同)three-base hit, three-bagger
a quantity that is three times as great as another
having a point
direct and obvious in meaning or reference; often unpleasant; "a pointed critique"; "a pointed allusion to what was going on"; "another pointed look in their direction"
Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(針・鉛筆・剣などの)『とがった先』,(…の)先端《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉岬(みさき) / 〈C〉(小数点・句読点などの)点 / 〈C〉(図形上の)点 / 〈C〉(ある特定の)『地点』(spot),場所(place) / 〈C〉(計器の目盛りなどの)『点』,『度』 / 〈C〉時点,瞬間 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(物語・議論などの)『要点』,核心《+『of』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『目的』,『意義』,ねらっている点《+『of』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉(全体の中の)個々の項目,細目(item),細部(detail) / 〈C〉特徴(characteristic),特質(trait) / 〈C〉(競技・学校の成績などの)得点 / 〈C〉ポイント(活字の大きさの単位;約1/72インチの大きさ) / (…に)〈銃・指など〉‘を'『向ける』《+『名』+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』》 / …‘に'『指し示す』《point+名+to+名…に…をさし示す》 / …‘の'先をとがらせる,‘に'先を付ける / …‘に'点を打つ;…‘に'小数点を付ける;…‘に'句読点を付ける / 〈猟犬が〉〈獲物〉‘を'指し示す / (…を)(指などで)『示す』,指し示す《+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈猟犬が〉獲物の位置を示す
(一般に)『旅行』,旅 / (用件での)出張,通勤 / つまずき,踏みはずし / 過ち,失策 / (機械の)掛けはずし装置 / 《俗》(麻薬の)陶酔感(幻覚症状)の間 / (…に)『つまずく』,よろめく《+over(on)+名》 / (…を)間違える,誤る,しくじる《+over(on)+名》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》軽快な足どりで歩く / 《俗》(麻薬で) 幻覚症状に陥る《+out》 / …‘を'『つまずかせる』《+名+up,+up+名》 / 〈人〉‘を'失敗させる,しくじらせる;〈人〉‘の'揚げ足を取る,あら捜しをする《+名+up,+up+名》 / 〈止め金・クラッチなど〉‘を'急にはずす,はずして作動させる
3倍の / 3重の,3部から成る / 3倍の数(量) / (野球で)三塁打 / …‘を'3倍(3重)にする / 3倍(3重)になる / (野球で)三塁打を打つ
『先のとがった』,鋭い / (皮肉など)痛烈な,しんらつな / (ある目標に)向けられた,(はっきりと特定の人に)向けられた,当てこすりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/04 15:12:53」(JST)

wiki en

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.^[1] For example, the triple point of mercury occurs at a temperature of −38.8344 °C and a pressure of 0.2 mPa.

In addition to the triple point between solid, liquid, and gas, there can be triple points involving more than one solid phase, for substances with multiple polymorphs. Helium-4 is a special case that presents a triple point involving two different fluid phases (see lambda point). In general, for a system with p possible phases, there are triple points.^[1]

The triple point of water is used to define the kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature.^[2] The number given for the temperature of the triple point of water is an exact definition rather than a measured quantity. The triple points of several substances are used to define points in the ITS-90 international temperature scale, ranging from the triple point of hydrogen (13.8033 K) to the triple point of water (273.16 K, or 0.01 °C).

Triple points of water

Gas–liquid–solid triple point

A typical phase diagram. The solid green line applies to most substances; the dotted green line gives the anomalous behaviour of water

The single combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C) and a partial vapour pressure of 611.73 pascals (ca. 6.1173 millibars, 0.0060373 atm). At that point, it is possible to change all of the substance to ice, water, or vapour by making arbitrarily small changes in pressure and temperature. Even if the total pressure of a system is well above triple point of water, provided the partial pressure of the water vapour is 611.73 pascals then the system can still be brought to the triple point of water. Strictly speaking, the surfaces separating the different phases should also be perfectly flat, to negate the effects of surface tensions.

The gas–liquid–solid triple point of water corresponds to the minimum pressure at which liquid water can exist. At pressures below the triple point (as in outer space), solid ice when heated at constant pressure is converted directly into water vapour in a process known as sublimation. Above the triple point, solid ice when heated at constant pressure first melts to form liquid water, and then evaporates or boils to form vapor at a higher temperature.

For most substances the gas–liquid–solid triple point is also the minimum temperature at which the liquid can exist. For water, however, this is not true because the melting point of ordinary ice decreases as a function of pressure, as shown by the dotted green line in the phase diagram. At temperatures just below the triple point, compression at constant temperature transforms water vapor first to solid and then to liquid (water ice has lower density than liquid water, so increasing pressure leads to a liquefaction).

The triple point pressure of water was used during the Mariner 9 mission to Mars as a reference point to define "sea level". More recent missions use laser altimetry and gravity measurements instead of pressure to define elevation on Mars.^[3]

Other triple points of water at high pressure

At high pressures water has a complex phase diagram with 15 known phases of ice and a number of triple points including ten whose coordinates are shown in the diagram. For example, the triple point at 251 K (−22 °C) and 210 MPa (2070 atm) corresponds to the conditions for the coexistence of ice Ih (ordinary ice), ice III and liquid water, all at equilibrium. There are also triple points for the coexistence of three solid phases, for example ice II, ice V and ice VI at 218 K (−55 °C) and 620 MPa (6120 atm).

For those high-pressure forms of ice which can exist in equilibrium with liquid, the diagram shows that melting points increase with pressure. At temperatures above 273 K (0 °C), increasing the pressure on water vapor results first in liquid water and then a high-pressure form of ice. In the range 251–273 K, ice I is formed first, followed by liquid water and then ice III or ice V, followed by other still denser high-pressure forms.

Phase diagram of water including high-pressure forms ice II, ice III, etc. The pressure axis is logarithmic. For detailed descriptions of these phases, see Ice#Phases.

Triple point cells

Triple point cells are used in the calibration of thermometers. For exacting work, triple point cells are typically filled with a highly pure chemical substance such as hydrogen, argon, mercury, or water (depending on the desired temperature). The purity of these substances can be such that only one part in a million is a contaminant; what is called "six-nines" because it is 99.9999% pure. When it is a water-based cell, a special isotopic composition called VSMOW is used because it is very pure and produces temperatures that are more comparable from lab to lab. Triple point cells are so effective at achieving highly precise, reproducible temperatures, an international calibration standard for thermometers called ITS–90 relies upon triple point cells of hydrogen, neon, oxygen, argon, mercury, and water for delineating six of its defined temperature points.

Table of triple points

This table lists the gas–liquid–solid triple points of common substances. Unless otherwise noted, the data comes from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology).^[4]

Substance	T [K] (°C)	p [kPa]*
Acetylene	0192.4 !192.4 K (−80.7 °C)	7002120000000000000 120 kPa (1.2 atm)
Ammonia	0195.40 !195.40 K (−77.75 °C)	7000607590000000000 6.076 kPa (0.05997 atm)
Argon	0083.81 !83.81 K (−189.34 °C)	7001689000000000000 68.9 kPa (0.680 atm)
Arsenic	1090 !1,090 K (820 °C)	7003362800000000000 3,628 kPa (35.81 atm)
Butane^[5]	0134.6 !134.6 K (−138.6 °C)	6996700000000000000 7× 10⁻⁴ kPa
Carbon (graphite)	4765 !4,765 K (4,492 °C)	7004101320000000000 10,132 kPa (100.00 atm)
Carbon dioxide	0216.55 !216.55 K (−56.60 °C)	7002517000000000000 517 kPa (5.10 atm)
Carbon monoxide	0068.10 !68.10 K (−205.05 °C)	7001153700000000000 15.37 kPa (0.1517 atm)
Chloroform^[6]	0175.43 !175.43 K (−97.72 °C)	6999870000000000000 0.870 kPa (0.00859 atm)
Deuterium	0018.63 !18.63 K (−254.52 °C)	7001171000000000000 17.1 kPa (0.169 atm)
Ethane	0089.89 !89.89 K (−183.26 °C)	6996800000000000000 8 × 10⁻⁴ kPa
Ethanol^[7]	0150 !150 K (−123 °C)	6993429990000099999 4.3 × 10⁻⁷ kPa
Ethylene	0104.0 !104.0 K (−169.2 °C)	6999120000000000000 0.12 kPa (0.0012 atm)
Formic acid^[8]	0281.40 !281.40 K (8.25 °C)	7000220000000000000 2.2 kPa (0.022 atm)
Helium-4 (lambda point)	0002.19 !2.19 K (−270.96 °C)	7000510000000099999 5.1 kPa (0.050 atm)
Hexafluoroethane^[9]	0173.08 !173.08 K (−100.07 °C)	7001266000000000000 26.60 kPa (0.2625 atm)
Hydrogen	0013.84 !13.84 K (−259.31 °C)	7000704000000000000 7.04 kPa (0.0695 atm)
Hydrogen chloride	0158.96 !158.96 K (−114.19 °C)	7001139000000000000 13.9 kPa (0.137 atm)
Iodine^[10]	0386.65 !386.65 K (113.50 °C)	7001120700000000000 12.07 kPa (0.1191 atm)
Isobutane^[11]	0113.55 !113.55 K (−159.60 °C)	6995194810000000000 1.9481 × 10⁻⁵ kPa
Mercury	0234.2 !234.2 K (−39.0 °C)	6993165009999999999 1.65 × 10⁻⁷ kPa
Methane	0090.68 !90.68 K (−182.47 °C)	7001117000000000000 11.7 kPa (0.115 atm)
Neon	0024.57 !24.57 K (−248.58 °C)	7001432000000000000 43.2 kPa (0.426 atm)
Nitric oxide	0109.50 !109.50 K (−163.65 °C)	7001219200000000000 21.92 kPa (0.2163 atm)
Nitrogen	0063.18 !63.18 K (−209.97 °C)	7001126000000000000 12.6 kPa (0.124 atm)
Nitrous oxide	0182.34 !182.34 K (−90.81 °C)	7001878500000000000 87.85 kPa (0.8670 atm)
Oxygen	0054.36 !54.36 K (−218.79 °C)	6999152000000000000 0.152 kPa (0.00150 atm)
Palladium	1825 !1,825 K (1,552 °C)	6997350000000000000 3.5 × 10⁻³ kPa
Platinum	2045 !2,045 K (1,772 °C)	6996200000000000000 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ kPa
Sulfur dioxide	0197.69 !197.69 K (−75.46 °C)	7000167000000000000 1.67 kPa (0.0165 atm)
Titanium	1941 !1,941 K (1,668 °C)	6997530000000000000 5.3 × 10⁻³ kPa
Uranium hexafluoride	0337.17 !337.17 K (64.02 °C)	7002151690000000000 151.7 kPa (1.497 atm)
Water	0273.16 !273.16 K (0.01 °C)	6999611700000000000 0.6117 kPa (0.006037 atm)
Xenon	0161.3 !161.3 K (−111.8 °C)	7001815000000000000 81.5 kPa (0.804 atm)
Zinc	0692.65 !692.65 K (419.50 °C)	6998650000000000000 0.065 kPa (0.00064 atm)

* Note: for comparison, typical atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa (1 atm).

References

^ ^a ^b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (1994) "Triple point".
^ Definition of the kelvin at BIPM
^ Carr, Michael H. (2007). The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-521-87201-4.
^ Cengel, Yunus A.; Turner, Robert H. (2004). Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6.
^ See Butane (data page)
^ See Chloroform (data page)
^ See Ethanol (data page)
^ See Formic acid (data page)
^ See Hexafluoroethane (data page)
^ Walas, S. M. (1990). Chemical Process Equipment – Selection and Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 639. ISBN 0-7506-7510-1.
^ See Isobutane (data page)

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