総リンパ球数

関: lymphocyte count、lymphocyte number

WordNet

name or recite the numbers in ascending order; "The toddler could count to 100"
the total number counted; "a blood count"
the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours" (同)counting, numeration, enumeration, reckoning, tally
a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl
have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis" (同)bet, depend, look, calculate, reckon
have weight; have import, carry weight; "It does not matter much" (同)matter, weigh
put into a group; "The academy counts several Nobel Prize winners among its members" (同)number
determine the number or amount of; "Can you count the books on your shelf?"; "Count your change" (同)number, enumerate, numerate
have a certain value or carry a certain weight; "each answer counts as three points"
include as if by counting; "I can count my colleagues in the opposition"
determine the sum of; "Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town" (同)tot, tot up, sum, sum_up, summate, tote up, add, add together, tally, add up
damage beyond the point of repair; "My son totaled our new car"; "the rock star totals his guitar at every concert"
add up in number or quantity; "The bills amounted to $2,000"; "The bill came to $2,000" (同)number, add up, come, amount
a small amount (especially of a drink); "a tot of rum"
an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection (同)lymph cell
used of automobiles; completely demolished; "the insurance adjuster declared the automobile totaled"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(一つ一つ順に)〈数〉'を'『数える』,〈物〉'を'数え上げる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …'を'『勘定に入れる』,含める(include) / …'を'『思う』,みなす(consider) / 数を数える,計算する《+『up』》 / 数にはいる,数に含まれる / 価値がある,重大である / 〈C〉〈U〉『数えること』,『計算』 / 〈U〉総数,総計 / 〈U〉(起訴状の)訴因 / 《the~》(ボクシングで)カウント(選手がノックダウンされたときレフリーが1から10まで数えること) / 〈C〉(野救で打者の)ボールカウント / 〈U〉《話》考慮,注目(account)
(英国以外の)伯爵
『総計の』,全体の / 『全くの』,完全な(absolute) / 『合計』,総額,総数,総量(sum) / …‘を'合計する / 合計…‘に'なる,総額が…‘に'のぼる(amount to)
幼児,小児 / (特に酒類の)少量,一杯,一口
…‘を'合計する《+up+名,+名+up》 / 合計(…に)なる《+up to+名》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/12 07:16:24」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A lymphocyte is any of three subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. They include natural killer cells (NK cells) (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name lymphocyte.

Types

A stained lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells viewed using a light microscope.

The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus.

T cells and B cells

T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone marrow- or bursa-derived cells^[1]) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific “non-self” antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. In response to pathogens some T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct the immune response, while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that contain powerful enzymes which induce the death of pathogen-infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will “remember” each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the pathogen is detected again.

Natural killer cells

NK cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a major role in defending the host from both tumors and virally infected cells. NK cells distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of a surface molecule called MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I. NK cells are activated in response to a family of cytokines called interferons. Activated NK cells release cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules which then destroy the altered cells.^[2] They were named "natural killer cells" because of the initial notion that they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I.

Development

Development of blood cells

Mammalian stem cells differentiate into several kinds of blood cell within the bone marrow.^[3] This process is called haematopoiesis. All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. The differentiation of lymphocytes follows various pathways in a hierarchical fashion as well as in a more plastic fashion. The formation of lymphocytes is known as lymphopoiesis. B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bursa equivalent, which in humans is the GALT, which is thought to be located in the Peyer's patches of the intestine, ^[4] while T cells migrate to and mature in a distinct organ, called the thymus. Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes) where they survey for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells.

The lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an antigen; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules (cytotoxic T cells) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (helper T cells). Memory T cells remain in the peripheral tissues and circulation for an extended time ready to respond to the same antigen upon future exposure.

They live weeks to several years to a whole lifetime, which is very long compared to other leukocytes.^{[citation needed]}

Characteristics

A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood showing red blood cells, several types of white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil and many small disc-shaped platelets.

Microscopically, in a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear, a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little to no eosinophilic cytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a red blood cell (about seven micrometres in diameter).^[3] Some lymphocytes show a clear perinuclear zone (or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit a small clear zone to one side of the nucleus. Polyribosomes are a prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with an electron microscope. The ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, allowing the generation of large quantities of cytokines and immunoglobulins by these cells.

It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a peripheral blood smear.^[3] Normally, flow cytometry testing is used for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to specifically determine the percentage of lymphocytes that contain a particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such as immunoglobulins or cluster of differentiation (CD) markers or that produce particular proteins (for example, cytokines using intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other scientific techniques like the ELISPOT or secretion assay techniques can be used.^[2]

**Typical recognition markers for lymphocytes**^[5]
CLASS	FUNCTION	PROPORTION	PHENOTYPIC MARKER(S)
NK cells	Lysis of virally infected cells and tumour cells	7% (2-13%)	CD16 CD56 but not CD3
Helper T cells	Release cytokines and growth factors that regulate other immune cells	46% (28-59%)	TCRαβ, CD3 and CD4
Cytotoxic T cells	Lysis of virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts	19% (13-32%)	TCRαβ, CD3 and CD8
γδ T cells	Immunoregulation and cytotoxicity	5% (2%-8%)	TCRγδ and CD3
B cells	Secretion of antibodies	23% (18-47%)	MHC class II, CD19 and CD21

In the circulatory system, they move from lymph node to lymph node. This contrasts with macrophages, which are rather stationary in the nodes.

Lymphocytes and disease

A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral complete blood cell count and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted.

A general increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis, whereas a decrease is known as lymphocytopenia.

High

An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection (in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). A high lymphocyte count with a low neutrophil count might be caused by lymphoma.

Low

A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte concentration is associated with increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma.

One basis for low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys T cells (specifically, the CD4⁺ subgroup of T lymphocytes). Without the key defense that these T cells provide, the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections that otherwise would not affect healthy people. The extent of HIV progression is typically determined by measuring the percentage of CD4⁺ T cells in the patient's blood. The effects of other viruses or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting the numbers of lymphocytes present in the blood.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

In some cancers, e.g., melanoma^[6] and colorectal cancer, lymphocytes can migrate into and attack the tumor. This can sometimes lead to regression of the primary tumor.^[7]

Blood content

Reference ranges for blood tests of white blood cells, comparing lymphocyte amount (shown in light blue) with other cells.

References

^ The process of B-cell maturation was elucidated in birds and the B most likely means "bursa-derived" referring to the bursa of Fabricius. "B Cell". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 October 2011. However, in humans (who do not have that organ), the bone marrow makes B cells, and the B can serve as a reminder of bone marrow.
^ ^a ^b Janeway, Charles; Paul Travers; Mark Walport; Mark Shlomchik (2001). Immunobiology; Fifth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4101-6. .
^ ^a ^b ^c Abbas AK and Lichtman AH (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216-0008-5.
^ Kumar, Abbas, Fausto. Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.).
^ Berrington, J. E.; Barge, D; Fenton, AC; Cant, AJ; Spickett, GP (May 2005). "Lymphocyte subsets in term and significantly preterm UK infants in the first year of life analysed by single platform flow cytometry". Clin Exp Immunol 140 (2): 289–292. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02767.x. PMC 1809375. PMID 15807853.
^ http://professional.cancerconsultants.com/ccj.aspx?id=36989 Current Topics in Oncology
^ http://www.asco.org/ascov2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=47&abstractID=34439 Protective effect of a brisk tumor infiltrating lymphocyte infiltrate in melanoma: An EORTC melanoma group study. 2007

External links

Histology image: 01701ooa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Cell Centered Database – Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant" A Waring Historical Library online exhibit

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 免疫系の臨床検査評価 laboratory evaluation of the immune system
2. リンパ球増加症またはリンパ球減少症を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with lymphocytosis or lymphocytopenia
3. HIV感染患者におけるCD4細胞数の測定手技および解釈 techniques and interpretation of measurement of the cd4 cell count in hiv infected patients
4. Sézary症候群の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical presentation pathologic features and diagnosis of sezary syndrome
5. Acute and early HIV infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Pretreatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is superior to platelet/lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of long-term mortality in breast cancer patients.

Azab B, Shah N, Radbel J, Tan P, Bhatt V, Vonfrolio S, Habeshy A, Picon A, Bloom S.SourceDepartment of Surgery, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY, 10305, USA, basemazab5@gmail.com.
Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England).Med Oncol.2013 Mar;30(1):432. doi: 10.1007/s12032-012-0432-4. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
The aim of our study was to assess the predictive value of platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in terms of survival in breast cancer patients. This is an observational study of 437 breast cancer patients treated between January 2004 and December 2006. Survival statu
PMID 23283648

Preoperative lymphocyte count is a favorable prognostic factor of disease-free survival in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Zhang J, Huang SH, Li H, Li Y, Chen XL, Zhang WQ, Chen HG, Gu LJ.SourceThoracic Surgery Department and Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England).Med Oncol.2013 Mar;30(1):352. doi: 10.1007/s12032-012-0352-3. Epub 2012 Dec 30.
Recently, the prognostic value of cancer-related inflammatory response has been revealed. Previous studies showed that peripheral neutrophils and lymphocytes had significant impact on the prognosis of advanced and early-node-negative non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study was
PMID 23275140

Prospective prediction of viral suppression and immune response nine months after ART initiation in Seattle, WA.

Simoni JM, Yard SS, Huh D.Sourcea Department of Psychology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.
AIDS care.AIDS Care.2013 Feb;25(2):181-5. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2012.687821. Epub 2012 May 29.
Abstract Knowing at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation which patients might be at greatest risk for failure to achieve viral suppression would enable providers to target patients most in need and tailor their care appropriately. This study involved multilevel modeling of data from a randomize
PMID 22639986

Japanese Journal

Association of Peripheral Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts with Obesity-Related Complications in Young Adults

Yoshimura Aya,Ohnishi Shunsuke,Orito Chieko,Kawahara Yukako,Takasaki Hiroyo,Takeda Hiroshi,Sakamoto Naoya,Hashino Satoshi
Obesity facts 8(1), 1-16, 2015-02
… This study assessed the associations between peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts and obesity-related complications in young adults. … Complete blood count and serum levels of liver enzymes, fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated. … Results: Total leukocyte and monocyte counts were significantly increased in obese young adults. …
NAID 120005606035

Evaluation of non-viral surrogate markers as predictive indicators for monitoring progression of HIV infection, Eight-year analysis in a regional center

Rafatpanah Houshang,Essmailian Leila,Hedayati-Moghaddam Mohammad Reza,Vakili Rosita,Norouzi Mehdi,Sarvghad Mohammad Reza,Hosseinpour Ali Mohammad,Sharebiani Hiva,Rezaee S.A Rahim
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases advpub(0), 2015
… Hb and total lymphocyte count (TLC) demonstrated a phase of rapid declining rates (10.9 and 29.6%, respectively) from stage II to III. … Lower count of CD4, platelet and Hb at the stage-I were associated with disease progression, and TLC was correlated with CD4 count at the last follow-up (p<0.001). … Using ROC curve, TLC count of 1800 cell/mm3 was more reliable in this region. …
NAID 130005069402

Usefulness of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Gensini Score Assessment

Chen Juan,Chen Man-Hua,Li Sha,Guo Yuan-Lin,Zhu Cheng-Gang,Xu Rui-Xia,Zhang Yan,Sun Jing,Qing Ping,Liu Geng,Li Jian-Jun
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 21(12), 1271-1282, 2014
… Aim: The usefulness of the white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the severity of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been sufficiently evaluated, particularly based on strict coronary assessments. …
NAID 130004845471

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「lymphocyte count」「lymphocyte number」「総リンパ球数」
関連記事	「total」「count」「lymphocyte count」「lymphocyte」

「lymphocyte count」

Lymphocyte
	A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single human lymphocyte.
Details
Latin	lymphocytus
Identifiers
Code	TH H2.00.04.1.02002
	Anatomical terminology