同: TBE

WordNet

make a sound like a clock or a timer; "the clocks were ticking"; "the grandfather clock beat midnight" (同)ticktock, ticktack, beat
a light mattress
any of two families of small parasitic arachnids with barbed proboscis; feed on blood of warm-blooded animals
a metallic tapping sound; "he counted the ticks of the clock" (同)ticking
sew; "tick a mattress" (同)retick
shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si
brought into existence; "he was a child born of adultery"
inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis is no longer in scientific use) (同)cephalitis, phrenitis

PrepTutorEJDIC

(時計まどの)カチカチ[という音] / 《英語》瞬間 / 照合(点検)済みの印,チェック / 〈時計などが〉カチカチ音がする《+away》 / 〈時が〉過ぎる,経過する∥+by(away)》 / 《話》〈人が〉行動する,〈機械などが〉動く
〈C〉(ふとん・まくらなどの)表布
ダニ
シ(全音階の第7音)
bear〈他〉1の過去分詞(受動態にのみ用いる) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生まれながらの』,先天的な(innate) / 『生まれた』;生じた
bearの過去分詞
脳炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/12 22:20:27」(JST)

wiki en

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Although TBE is most commonly recognized as a neurological disorder, mild fever can also occur. Long-lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae are observed in 10 to 20% of infected patients.

The number of reported cases has been increasing in most countries.^[1]

The tick-borne encephalitis virus is known to infect a range of hosts including ruminants, birds, rodents, carnivores, horses and humans. The disease can also be zoonotic, with ruminants and dogs providing the principal source of infection for humans.^[2]

TBE, like Lyme disease, is one of the many tick-borne diseases.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of TBE-infection

The virus can infect the brain (encephalitis), the meninges (meningitis) or both (meningoencephalitis).^[3] In general, mortality is 1% to 2%, with deaths occurring 5 to 7 days after the onset of neurologic signs.

In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with signs varying from tremors to seizures and death.^[2]

In ruminants, neurological disease is also present, and animals may refuse to eat, appear lethargic, and also develop respiratory signs.^[2]

Cause

TBE is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. It was first isolated in 1937. Three virus sub-types are described: European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian spring summer encephalitis virus).

Russia and Europe report about 5,000-7,000 human cases annually.^[1]^[4]

The former Soviet Union conducted research on tick borne diseases, including the TBE viruses.

Transmission

Sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus) such as this engorged female transmit the disease

It is transmitted by the bite of several species of infected ticks, including Ixodes scapularis, I. ricinus and I. persulcatus,^[5] or (rarely) through the non-pasteurized milk of infected cows.^[6]

Diagnosis

The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF.^{[citation needed]}

Viral antigen can usually be found in brain tissue. Serological testing can also be performed with an ELISA.^[2]

Treatment and prevention

A sign in Lithuanian forest, warning about a high probability to be infected by tick-borne encephalitis

The disease is incurable once manifested, so there is no specific drug therapy for TBE. Symptomatic brain damage requires hospitalization and supportive care based on syndrome severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances for symptomatic relief. Tracheal intubation and respiratory support may be necessary.

Prevention includes non-specific (tick-bite prevention, tick checks) and specific prophylaxis in the form of a vaccine. TBE immunoglobulin is no longer used. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is very effective and available in many disease endemic areas and in travel clinics.^[7]

Epidemiology

The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. About ten to twelve thousand cases are documented a year.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Suss J (June 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond--the epidemiological situation as of 2007". Euro Surveill. 13 (26). PMID 18761916.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tickborne Encephalitis Virus reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 12 October 2011.
^ Kaiser R (September 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 22 (3): 561–75, x. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.013. PMID 18755391.
^ Salisbury, Dr David; Noakes, Dr Karen (2006). Immunisation against infectious disease (Third ed.). TSO (The Stationery Office - UK Department Of Health). pp. 385–390. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6
^ Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J (April 1999). "Tick-borne encephalitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 (4): 882–90. doi:10.1086/515195. PMID 10825054.
^ CDC Yellow Book, accessed 5 October 2013.
^ Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A (2009). Demicheli, Vittorio, ed. "Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000977. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000977.pub2. PMID 19160184.
^ "Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper." (PDF). Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire / Section d'hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 86 (24): 241–56. 10 June 2011. PMID 21661276.

External links

The Encephalitis Society
Tickborne encephalitis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

UpToDate Contents

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1. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
2. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
3. ライム病疑いのあるダニ咬傷の評価 evaluation of a tick bite for possible lyme disease
4. ウエストナイルウイルス感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of west nile virus infection
5. ウイルス性髄膜炎：小児におけるマネージメント、予後、および予防 viral meningitis management prognosis and prevention in children

English Journal

[Important vector-borne infectious diseases among humans in Germany : Epidemiological aspects].

Frank C1, Faber M, Hellenbrand W, Wilking H, Stark K.Author information 1Robert Koch-Institut, FG35, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.AbstractVector-borne infections pathogenic to humans play an important role in Germany. The relevant zoonotic pathogens are either endemic throughout Germany (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) or only in specific regions, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and hantavirus. They cause a substantial burden of disease. Prevention and control largely rely on public advice and the application of personal protective measures (e.g. TBE virus vaccination and protection against vectors). High quality surveillance and targeted epidemiological studies are fundamental for the evaluation of temporal and spatial risks of infection and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Aside from endemic pathogens, vector-borne infections acquired abroad, mostly transmitted by mosquitoes, have to be systematically and intensively monitored as well, to assess the risk of infection for German residents traveling abroad and to adequately evaluate the risk of autochthonous transmission. Related issues, such as invasive species of mosquitoes in Germany and climate change, have to be taken into consideration. Such pathogens include West Nile, dengue and chikungunya viruses, as well as malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). The article presents an overview of the epidemiological situation of selected relevant vector-borne infections in Germany.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz.Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz.2014 May;57(5):557-67. doi: 10.1007/s00103-013-1925-9.
Vector-borne infections pathogenic to humans play an important role in Germany. The relevant zoonotic pathogens are either endemic throughout Germany (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) or only in specific regions, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and hantavirus. They cause a substantial
PMID 24781913

[Threat of transmission of infectious pathogens by Ixodes ricinus ticks in Germany].

Dobler G1, Fingerle V, Hagedorn P, Pfeffer M, Silaghi C, Tomaso H, Henning K, Niedrig M.Author information 1Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Deutschland.AbstractTick-transmitted diseases are of great importance for the general health of the German population. Several viruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Uukuniemi virus, Tribec virus, Eyach virus or bacteria, such as Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (CNM) and Coxiella burnetii were detected in the most prominent tick in Germany, the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. While infections, such as TBE and Lyme disease are well known, other infections are hardly known even among experts. Although there have been a few descriptions of isolated cases in Germany, a systematic investigation regarding the distribution and the pathogenic potential of these pathogens is still lacking. In particular elderly people and people with underlying diseases seem to be mostly affected. The importance of new infectious disease agents, such as Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis but also of long known pathogens, such as Rickettsiae still remains unclear, while some of them could be detected in 20 % of investigated ticks. Whether climate change contributes to the further distribution of these infectious agents remains unclear and requires further investigation. The increasing initiatives to create natural environments and the trend towards spending more time in nature for recreational activities will increase the danger of coming into contact with ticks and the respective infectious agents. Considering these circumstances an increase of diseases caused by these pathogens is to be expected.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz.Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz.2014 May;57(5):541-8. doi: 10.1007/s00103-013-1921-0.
Tick-transmitted diseases are of great importance for the general health of the German population. Several viruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Uukuniemi virus, Tribec virus, Eyach virus or bacteria, such as Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum,
PMID 24781911

Identification and partial characterisation of new members of the Ixodes ricinus defensin family.

Tonk M1, Cabezas-Cruz A2, Valdés JJ3, Rego RO4, Rudenko N5, Golovchenko M6, Bell-Sakyi L7, de la Fuente J8, Grubhoffer L9.Author information 1Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: miraytonk@paru.cas.cz.2Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: cabezasalejandrocruz@gmail.com.3Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: valdjj@gmail.com.4Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: ryanrego@paru.cas.cz.5Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: natasha@paru.cas.cz.6Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: marina@paru.cas.cz.7The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK. Electronic address: lesley.sakyi@pirbright.ac.uk.8Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: jose_delafuente@yahoo.com.9Biology Centre of the AS CR, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: liborex@paru.cas.cz.AbstractThe hard-bodied tick Ixodes ricinus (castor bean tick) is the most common tick species in Europe. I. ricinus is a vector of the causative agents of diseases that affect humans and animals including tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, tick-borne fever and babesiosis. The innate immune system provides ticks with quite an efficient defence against some pathogenic microorganisms in the event of their penetration into the tick body or through the blood meal. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute an important feature of the tick immune system. Defensins are a well-known class of AMPs. Members of the defensin family of proteins have been reported in several tick species. So far, only two defensins had been identified from I. ricinus. In this study, we report the identification of six novel putative defensins from I. ricinus at the genomic and transcriptional levels. At the genomic level they show differences with one being intronless, while others contain two introns. The expression pattern of these molecules in the salivary glands, midgut, ovary, Malpighian tubules, haemolymph and the tick cell line IRE/CTVM19 was determined. Some of them are tissue specific while others seem to be ubiquitous. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses show that these novel members of the I. ricinus defensin family differ phylogenetically and structurally; nevertheless, the cysteine pattern is highly conserved among the family members. Finally, antimicrobial-peptide prediction tools were used to predict putative antimicrobial activity of our defensins. They show putative antimicrobial activity mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. This study displays the diversity of the defensin family in the tick I. ricinus.
Gene.Gene.2014 May 1;540(2):146-52. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
The hard-bodied tick Ixodes ricinus (castor bean tick) is the most common tick species in Europe. I. ricinus is a vector of the causative agents of diseases that affect humans and animals including tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, tick-borne fever and babesiosis. The innate immune system provid
PMID 24607035

Japanese Journal

Isolation and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Ixodes persulcatus in Mongolia in 2012

Ticks and Tick
NAID 120005768779

Virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus is associated with intact conformational viral RNA structures in the variable region of the 3'-UTR

Virus research 203, 36-40, 2015-05-04
NAID 120005752848

Detection of rickettsial DNA in ticks and wild boars in Kyoto City, Japan

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(1), 37-43, 2015
NAID 130004781012

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Powassan encephalitis」「Central European encephalitis」「Russian spring-summer encephalitis」「louping ill encephalitis」「ダニ媒介脳炎」
拡張検索	「European tick-borne encephalitis」「tick-borne encephalitis virus」「Far eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus」
関連記事	「borne」「tick」

「Powassan encephalitis」

Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
	Infected countries/areas in Eurasia
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	A84
ICD-9-CM	063
DiseasesDB	29274
Patient UK	Tick-borne encephalitis
MeSH	D004675
	[edit on Wikidata]