関: Central European encephalitis、European tick-borne encephalitis、louping ill encephalitis、Powassan encephalitis、tick-borne encephalitis

WordNet

produce or disclose suddenly or unexpectedly; "He sprang these news on me just as I was leaving"
the season of growth; "the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring"; "he will hold office until the spring of next year" (同)springtime
develop suddenly; "The tire sprang a leak"
a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed; "the spring was broken"
a natural flow of ground water (同)fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
a point at which water issues forth
spend the summer; "We summered in Kashmir"
the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox; "they spent a lazy summer at the shore" (同)summertime
the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty; "the golden summer of his life"
of or pertaining to or characteristic of Russia or its people or culture or language; "Russian dancing"
a native or inhabitant of Russia
the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state (同)Russian Federation
a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia created in the 14th century with Moscow as the capital; powerful in the 17th and 18th centuries under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great when Saint Petersburg was the capital; overthrown by revoluti
inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis is no longer in scientific use) (同)cephalitis, phrenitis

PrepTutorEJDIC

《副詞[句]を伴って》『跳ぶ』,跳ねる,跳躍する / 〈風・涙・考えなどが〉(…に)突然現れる(発生する,起こる)《+『up to』(『into』)+『名』》 / (ばねで)はじける,跳ね返る / 〈雑草・家などが〉突然(急速に)生まれ出る,成長する《+『up』》 / (原因から)起こる,生じる;(家柄などが…の)出である《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈板などが〉そる,ひびが入る,割れる / …‘を'跳ねさせる,跳ね返らせる / (人に)〈提案など〉‘を'急に(不意に)車ち出す(言い出す)《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈板など〉‘を'そらす,割る,‘に'ひびを入れる
〈C〉〈U〉『春』;《比垓(ひゆ)的に》(人生などの)春《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『跳ぶこと』,跳ねること,跳躍 / 〈C〉『ばね』,ぜんまい,スプリング / 〈U〉(…の)弾力,弾性《+『of』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(心の)弾力,元気,活力 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『泉』 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(物事の)源泉,起源;(行為などの)動機,原因《+『of』+『名』》 / 春の,春向きの / ばねのついた,ばね仕掛けの
〈U〉〈C〉『夏』 / 《the~》《文》盛り / 《複数形で》《文》年齢 / 『夏の』,夏向きの / 夏を過ごす,避暑をする / 〈家畜〉‘を'夏の間放牧する
『ロシアの』,『ロシア人』(語)『の』 / (個々の)『ロシア人』,《the Russians》ロシア人[全体];〈U〉ロシア語
(帝政)『ロシア』 / 『旧ソ連』
脳炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/16 13:36:22」(JST)

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Symptoms of TBE-infection

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Although TBE is most commonly recognized as a neurological disorder, mild fever can also occur. Long-lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae are observed in 10-20% of infected patients.

The number of reported cases has been increasing in most countries.^[1]

The tick-borne encephalitis virus is known to infect a range of hosts including ruminants, birds, rodents, carnivores, horses and humans. The disease can also be zoonotic, with ruminants and dogs providing the principal source of infection for humans.^[2]

Presentation

The virus can infect the brain (encephalitis), the meninges (meningitis) or both (meningoencephalitis).^[3] In general, mortality is 1% to 2%, with deaths occurring 5 to 7 days after the onset of neurologic signs.

In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with signs varying from tremors to seizures and death.^[2]

In ruminants, neurological disease is also present, and animals may refuse to eat, appear lethargic, and also develop respiratory signs.^[2]

Transmission

Sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus) such as this engorged female transmit the disease

It is transmitted by the bite of several species of infected ticks, including Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus,^[4] or (rarely) through the non-pasteurized milk of infected cows.

^[5]

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/tickborne-encephalitis

Etiology

TBE is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. It was first isolated in 1937. Three virus sub-types are described: European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian spring summer encephalitis virus).

Russia and Europe report about 5,000-7,000 human cases annually.^[1]^[6]

The former Soviet Union conducted research on tick borne diseases, including the TBE viruses.

Diagnosis

The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF.^{[citation needed]}

Viral antigen can usually be found in brain tissue. Serological testing can also be performed with an ELISA.^[2]

Treatment and Prevention

A sign in Lithuanian forest, warning about a high probability to be infected by Tick-borne encephalitis

The disease is incurable once manifested, so there is no specific drug therapy for TBE. Symptomatic brain damage requires hospitalization and supportive care based on syndrome severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances for symptomatic relief. Tracheal intubation and respiratory support may be necessary, but infection can be reliably prevented by vaccination.

Prevention includes non-specific (tick-bite prevention, tick checks) and specific prophylaxis in the form of a vaccine. TBE immunoglobulin is no longer used. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is very effective and available in many disease endemic areas and in travel clinics.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b Suss J (June 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond--the epidemiological situation as of 2007". Euro Surveill. 13 (26). PMID 18761916.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tickborne Encephalitis Virus reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 12 October 2011.
^ Kaiser R (September 2008). "Tick-borne encephalitis". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 22 (3): 561–75, x. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.013. PMID 18755391.
^ Dumpis U, Crook D, Oksi J (April 1999). "Tick-borne encephalitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 (4): 882–90. doi:10.1086/515195. PMID 10825054.
^ CDC Yellow Book, accessed 5 October 2013.
^ Salisbury, Dr David; Noakes, Dr Karen (2006). Immunisation against infectious disease (Third ed.). TSO (The Stationery Office - UK Department Of Health). pp. 385–390. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6
^ Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A (2009). "Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis". In Demicheli, Vittorio. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000977. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000977.pub2. PMID 19160184.

External links

The Encephalitis Society
Tickborne encephalitis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Presence of herpesvirus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tick-borne encephalitis and enteroviral meningoencephalitis.

Labská K1, Roubalová K, Pícha D, Marešová V.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Jul;87(7):1235-40. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24172. Epub 2015 Mar 13.
Reactivation of HHVs in the CNS due to inflammation has not been well described yet. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of HHV DNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of immunocompetent patients with meningoencephalitis of other than HHV origin. The secondary aim o
PMID 25771938

Review of tick-borne encephalitis and vaccines: clinical and economical aspects.

Šmit R1, Postma MJ.
Expert review of vaccines.Expert Rev Vaccines.2015 May;14(5):737-47. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.985661. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) disease is an increasing burden not only locally but also globally. In most endemic countries, vaccination coverage is too low to reduce the TBE burden significantly; however, vaccination is the most effective protection against TBE, with various vaccines currently avai
PMID 25427237

Analysis of serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and monoamine neurotransmitters in patients with tick-borne encephalitis: identification of novel inflammatory markers with implications for pathogenesis.

Palus M1, Formanová P, Salát J, Žampachová E, Elsterová J, Růžek D.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 May;87(5):885-92. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24140. Epub 2015 Feb 11.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a leading human neuroinfection in Europe and northeastern Asia. However, the pathophysiology of TBE is not understood completely. This study sought to determine the specific serum mediators that are associated with acute TBE. The levels of 30 cytokines, chemokines, a
PMID 25675945

Japanese Journal

フタトゲチマダニの繁殖学

松尾智英,大倉信彦,角田浩之 [他],矢野泰弘
日本ダニ学会誌 22(1), 1-23, 2013
マダニ上科は主に2つの科，すなわちマダニ科（Hard tick）とヒメダニ科（Soft tick）とに分類され，マダニ科はさらにそれらの繁殖の違いによって Prostriata（マダニ科マダニ属）および Metastriata（マダニ属を除くマダニ科の属）に分けられる．すなわち，各グループに属する種はそれぞれ特徴的な繁殖システムや器官を有している．加えて，マダニ類は様々な病原体のベクターとしても重 …
NAID 130003366021

急性ロシア春夏脳炎例の回復期にみられた不随意運動の解析

花島律子,寺尾安生,宇川義一,郭伸,金澤一郎
臨床神経学 36(4), 571-576, 1996-04-01
NAID 10008316537

A Rapporteur's Summary : Research on Dengue Vaccine

Kitamura Takashi
熱帯医学 Tropical medicine 35(4), 325-330, 1994-03-31
… with yellow fever at the top, followed by dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis (JE) and Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE). … Similarly, safe and efficacious inactivated vaccines against JE and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have also been developed, resulting in dramatical reduction in the disease incidences. …
NAID 120000919315

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Powassan encephalitis」「European tick-borne encephalitis」「Central European encephalitis」「ロシア春夏脳炎」「louping ill encephalitis」
拡張検索	「Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus」
関連記事	「Russian」「spring」「Russia」