WordNet

with difficulty or inconvenience; scarcely or hardly; "we can ill afford to buy a new car just now"
unfavorably or with disapproval; "tried not to speak ill of the dead"; "thought badly of him for his lack of concern" (同)badly
(`ill is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well; "he was ill prepared"; "it ill befits a man to betray old friends"; "the car runs badly"; "he performed badly on the exam"; "the team played poorly"; "ill-fitting clothes"; "an ill-conceived plan" (同)badly, poorly
presaging ill fortune; "ill omens"; "ill predictions"; "my words with inauspicious thunderings shook heaven"- P.B.Shelley; "a dead and ominous silence prevailed"; "a by-election at a time highly unpropitious for the Government" (同)inauspicious, ominous
affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function; "ill from the monotony of his suffering" (同)sick
distressing; "ill manners"; "of ill repute"
indicating hostility or enmity; "you certainly did me an ill turn"; "ill feelings"; "ill will"
resulting in suffering or adversity; "ill effects"; "its an ill wind that blows no good"
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

《補語にのみ用いて》『病気で』,気分が悪い(sick) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》不十分な,好ましくない;正常でない / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》不運な,不吉な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(道徳的に)『悪い』,邪悪な,敵意(悪意)のある;不きげんな / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『有害な』,悪い,損害を与える / 『悪く』,不正に;残酷に / 『意地悪く』,不親切に;不満足に,不十分に / ほとんど…ない(scarcely) / 《分詞と共に複合語を作って》悪く,まずく,不完全に / 〈U〉 / 悪,罪悪 / 〈U〉危害,災難 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形》苦しみ(悩み)の種,不幸,病気
ビールス,ろ過性病原体

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/17 01:34:10」(JST)

wiki en

Louping-ill (also known as Ovine Encephalomyelitis, Infectious Encephalomyelitis of Sheep, Trembling-ill) is an acute viral disease primarily of sheep that is characterized by a biphasic fever, depression, ataxia, muscular incoordination, tremors, posterior paralysis, coma, and death. Louping-ill is a tick-transmitted disease whose occurrence is closely related to the distribution of the primary vector, the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus. It also causes disease in red grouse, and can affect humans. The name 'louping-ill' is derived from an old Scottish word describing the effect of the disease in sheep whereby they 'loup' or spring into the air.^[1]

Etiology

Nonsuppurative encephalitis in goat affected by louping ill. A) Cerebellum with necrosis of Purkinje cells. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain; scale bar = 100 µm. Inset: necrosis of Purkinje cells. H&E stain; scale bar = 20 µm. B) Midbrain. Area of neurophagia (arrow) surrounded by microglial cells. Necrosis of neurons can be also seen. H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm. C) Lymphoid perivascular cuff in midbrain. H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm. D) Spinal cord, gray matter. Focal microgliosis (crosses) and neurons undergoing necrosis (arrows). H&E stain; scale bar = 50 µm.

Louping ill is caused by RNA virus called Louping ill virus. Louping ill virus belongs to genus Flavivirus,^[2] family Flaviviridae.

There are four subtypes: British, Irish, Spanish and Turkish.

Prevention

According to a ProMED article,^[3] disease in sheep has been controlled in the UK by a vaccine (ATCvet code: QI04AA01), originally developed by Scotland's Moredun Research Institute. In 2009, however, a shortage of vaccine combined with an increase in the number of ticks found in sheep pasture areas cause an increased risk of this disease.

References

^ Health Protection Agency. Louping ill. Background information. Last reviewed: 8 August 2008. Last viewed 23 April 2009.
^ Charrel RN, Attoui H, Butenko AM, et al. (December 2004), Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10 (12): 1040–55, doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x, PMID 15606630.
^ ProMED Archive Number 20090420.1492, Published Date 20-APR-2009, Subject PRO/AH> Louping ill - UK: vaccination

Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association (1998), Foreign Animal Diseases (^{[dead link]}), Pat Campbell & Assoc/Carter Printing Co, ISBN 0-08-615213-0
Louping ill (pdf), Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2005-08-05

External links

Moredun Research Institute vaccine article
WHO vaccine listing: QI04AA01)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Genetic recombination of tick-borne flaviviruses among wild-type strains.

Norberg P, Roth A, Bergström T.SourceDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: peter.norberg@gu.se.
Virology.Virology.2013 Jun 5;440(2):105-16. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.017. Epub 2013 Mar 17.
Genetic recombination has been suggested to occur in mosquito-borne flaviviruses. In contrast, tick-borne flaviviruses have been thought to evolve in a clonal manner, although recent studies suggest that recombination occurs also for these viruses. We re-analyzed the data and found that previous con
PMID 23510672

Exploring of primate models of tick-borne flaviviruses infection for evaluation of vaccines and drugs efficacy.

Pripuzova NS, Gmyl LV, Romanova LIu, Tereshkina NV, Rogova YV, Terekhina LL, Kozlovskaya LI, Vorovitch MF, Grishina KG, Timofeev AV, Karganova GG.SourceFSBI Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE) RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Apr 9;8(4):e61094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061094. Print 2013.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most prevalent and medically important tick-borne arboviruses in Eurasia. There are overlapping foci of two flaviviruses: TBEV and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) in Russia. Inactivated vaccines exist only against TBE. There are no antiviral dru
PMID 23585873