WordNet

existing in possibility; "a potential problem"; "possible uses of nuclear power" (同)possible
the inherent capacity for coming into being (同)potentiality, potency
(neuroscience) of or involving synapses

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可能性のある,潜在的な / 可能性,潜在力 / 電位

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/26 00:39:34」(JST)

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Synaptic potential refers to the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a postsynaptic neuron. In other words, they are the “incoming” signal of a neuron. Synaptic potential comes in two forms: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP’s) depolarize the membrane and move it closer to the threshold for an action potential. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP’s) hyperpolarize the membrane and move it farther away from the threshold. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough EPSPs to both counterbalance the IPSPs and also depolarize the membrane from its resting membrane potential to its threshold. As an example, consider a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV (millivolts) and a threshold of -50 mV. It will need to be raised 20 mV in order to pass the threshold and fire an action potential. The neuron will account for all the many incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals via neural integration, and if the result is an increase of 20 mV or more, an action potential will occur. Synaptic potentials are small and many are needed to add up to reach the threshold. The two ways that synaptic potentials can add up to potentially form an action potential are spatial summation and temporal summation. Spatial summation refers to several excitatory stimuli from different synapses converging on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time to reach the threshold needed to reach an action potential. Temporal summation refers to successive excitatory stimuli on the same location of the postsynaptic neuron. Both types of summation are the result of adding together many excitatory potentials. The difference being whether the multiple stimuli are coming from different locations (spatial) or at different times (temporal). Summation has been referred to as a “neurotransmitter induced tug-of-war” between excitatory and inhibitory stimuli. Whether the effects are combined in space or in time, they are both additive properties that require many stimuli acting together to reach the threshold. Synaptic potentials, unlike action potentials, degrade quickly as they move away from the synapse. This is the case for both excitatory and Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Synaptic potentials are not static. The concept of synaptic plasticity refers to the changes in synaptic potential. A synaptic potential may get stronger or weaker over time depending on a few factors. The quantity of neurotransmitters released can play a large role in the future strength of that synapse’s potential. The receptors on the post-synaptic side also play a role, both in their numbers, composition, and physical orientation. In recent years, there has been an abundance of research on how to prolong the effects of a synaptic potential, and more importantly, how to enhance or reduce its amplitude. The enhancement of synaptic potential would mean that fewer would be needed to have the same or larger effect, which could have far-reaching medical uses. The research indicates that this long term potentiation or in the case of inhibitory synapses, long term depression of the synapse occurs after prolonged stimulation of two neurons at the same time. Long term potentiation is known to have a role in memory and learning, which could be useful in treating diseases like Alzheimers.

References

1) http://courses.washington.edu/conj/neuron/postsynaptic.htm.

2) http://www.jneurosci.org/content/32/48/17431.full?%3f

3) Nicoll, R.A. & Roche, K.W. (2013). Long-term potentiation. Peeling the onion. Neuropharmacology, 7418-22.

4) Journal of Neuroscience. Enhanced cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Activity Increases Neuronal Excitability, Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Classical Eyeblink Conditioning in Alert Behaving Mice. Agnes Gruart, Eva Benito, Jose M. Delgado-Garcia, and Angel Barco.

5) Neuroscience. Second Edition. Purves D., Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al, editors. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, 2001.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 臨床神経生理学 clinical neurophysiology
2. 心筋活動電位および抗不整脈剤の作用 myocardial action potential and action of antiarrhythmic drugs
3. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの病態生理 pathophysiology of seizures and epilepsy
4. 神経筋接合部の電気診断学的評価 electrodiagnostic evaluation of the neuromuscular junction
5. 心電図チュートリアル：伝導系の生理学 ecg tutorial physiology of the conduction system

English Journal

The possible relationship between expressions of TRPC3/5 channels and cognitive changes in rat model of chronic unpredictable stress.

Qin X1, Liu Y2, Zhu M1, Yang Z3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Sep 1;290:180-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.054. Epub 2015 May 7.
Transient receptor potential canonical channel (TRPC) is a nonselective cation channel dominantly permeable to Ca(2+). It consists of seven homologues, TRPC1-TRPC7, based on their sequence similarity. According to some researches, the expression of TRPC3/5 in hippocampus is related to the morphologi
PMID 25958233

Differential effects of GABA in modulating nociceptive vs. non-nociceptive synapses.

Wang Y1, Summers T1, Peterson W1, Miiller E1, Burrell BD2.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2015 Jul 9;298:397-409. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.040. Epub 2015 Apr 27.
GABA (γ-amino-butyric acid) -mediated signaling is normally associated with synaptic inhibition due to ionotropic GABA receptors that gate an inward Cl(-) current, hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. However, there are also situations where ionotropic GABA receptors trigger a Cl(-) efflux that
PMID 25931332

Release of chemical transmitters from cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells.

De-Miguel FF1, Nicholls JG2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Jul 5;370(1672). pii: 20140181. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0181.
Papers in this issue concern extrasynaptic transmission, namely release of signalling molecules by exocytosis or diffusion from neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons and glia. Problems discussed concern the molecules, their secretion and importance for normal function and disease. Molecules secrete
PMID 26009760

Japanese Journal

Stability Analysis of Stochastic Neural Network with Depression and Facilitation Synapses

KATORI Yuichi,IGARASHI Yasuhiko,OKADA Masato [他],Aihara Kazuyuki
J Phys Soc Jpn 81(11), 114007-114007-7, 2012-11-15
… Synaptic transmission efficacy is described by variables that represent the releasable neurotransmitters and the calcium concentration of the synaptic terminal. … We believe that the present study can be a potential milestone for future modeling studies on various structured networks with dynamic synapses. …
NAID 150000103563

Whole-cell recording from Kenyon cells in silkmoths

Tabuchi Masashi,Inoue Shigeki,Kanzaki Ryohei,Nakatani Kei,中谷敬
Neuroscience letters 528(1), 61-66, 2012-10
… KCs generated action potentials in response to stepping pulses of depolarizing current, and application of GABA-receptor blocker abolished inhibitory synaptic inputs and depolarized resting membrane potential. …
NAID 120005026574

原子スイッチの現状と将来 : 新しいエレクトロニクスの創成を目指して(IEDM特集(先端CMOSデバイス・プロセス技術))

青野正和,長谷川剛
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. SDM, シリコン材料・デバイス 111(422), 21-24, 2012-01-20
金属原子/イオンの拡散とその酸化・還元反応を制御して動作する原子スイッチは、最小加工寸法11nmを超える微細化にも対応可能であると期待されている。金属原子/イオンで伝導経路を形成する原子スイッチには、高いオンオフ比や低消費電力動作、不揮発性などの特徴がある。2端子型素子では、2値化スイッチとしての動作に加えて、シナプス動作やメムリスター動作、光検出動作などが可能である。3端子型素子では、揮発性と不 …
NAID 110009481155

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シナプス後電位」「シナプス電位」
拡張検索	「field excitatory postsynaptic potential」「excitatory postsynaptic potential」「inhibitory postsynaptic potential」「postsynaptic potential」
関連記事	「potential」「synaptic」