n.

電位、ボルテージ

関: electric potential、electrical potential、potential

WordNet

the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts (同)electromotive_force, emf
existing in possibility; "a potential problem"; "possible uses of nuclear power" (同)possible
the inherent capacity for coming into being (同)potentiality, potency

PrepTutorEJDIC

電圧,電圧量,ボルト数
可能性のある,潜在的な / 可能性,潜在力 / 電位

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/23 10:22:29」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Potential difference" redirects here. For other uses, see Potential. For other uses of Voltage, see Voltage (disambiguation).

Voltage, electrical potential difference, electric tension or electric pressure (denoted $∆ V$ ) and measured in units of electric potential: volts, or joules per coulomb is the electric potential difference between two points, or the difference in electric potential energy of a unit charge transported between two points.^[1] Voltage is equal to the work done per unit charge against a static electric field to move the charge between two points. A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force), or lost, used, or stored energy (potential drop). A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage (or potential difference) between two points in a system; usually a common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of the points. Voltage can be caused by static electric fields, by electric current through a magnetic field, by time-varying magnetic fields, or some combination of these three.^[2]^[3]

The electric field around the rod exerts a force on the charged pith ball, in an electroscope

In a static field, the work is independent of the path

Definition[edit]

Given two points in the space, called A and B, voltage is the difference of electric potentials between those two points. From the definition of electric potential it follows that:

Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb ( = volts). It is often referred to as "electric potential", which then must be distinguished from electric potential energy by noting that the "potential" is a "per-unit-charge" quantity. Like mechanical potential energy, the zero of potential can be chosen at any point, so the difference in voltage is the quantity which is physically meaningful. The difference in voltage measured when moving from point A to point B is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against the electric field to move the charge from A to B. The voltage between the two ends of a path is the total energy required to move a small electric charge along that path, divided by the magnitude of the charge. Mathematically this is expressed as the line integral of the electric field and the time rate of change of magnetic field along that path. In the general case, both a static (unchanging) electric field and a dynamic (time-varying) electromagnetic field must be included in determining the voltage between two points.

Historically this quantity has also been called "tension"^[4] and "pressure". Pressure is now obsolete but tension is still used, for example within the phrase "high tension" (HT) which is commonly used in thermionic valve (vacuum tube) based electronics.

Voltage is defined so that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. Therefore, the conventional current in a wire or resistor always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Current can flow from lower voltage to higher voltage, but only when a source of energy is present to "push" it against the opposing electric field. For example, inside a battery, chemical reactions provide the energy needed for current to flow from the negative to the positive terminal.

Technically, in a material the electric field is not the only factor determining charge flow, and different materials naturally develop electric potential differences at equilibrium (Galvani potentials). The electric potential of a material is not even a well defined quantity, since it varies on the subatomic scale. A more convenient definition of 'voltage' can be found instead in the concept of Fermi level. In this case the voltage between two bodies is the thermodynamic work required to move a unit of charge between them. This definition is practical since a real voltmeter actually measures this work, not differences in electric potential.

Hydraulic analogy[edit]

Main article: Hydraulic analogy

A simple analogy for an electric circuit is water flowing in a closed circuit of pipework, driven by a mechanical pump. This can be called a "water circuit". Potential difference between two points corresponds to the pressure difference between two points. If the pump creates a pressure difference between two points, then water flowing from one point to the other will be able to do work, such as driving a turbine. Similarly, work can be done by an electric current driven by the potential difference provided by a battery. For example, the voltage provided by a sufficiently-charged automobile battery can "push" a large current through the windings of an automobile's starter motor. If the pump isn't working, it produces no pressure difference, and the turbine will not rotate. Likewise, if the automobile's battery is very weak or "dead" (or "flat"), then it will not turn the starter motor.

The hydraulic analogy is a useful way of understanding many electrical concepts. In such a system, the work done to move water is equal to the pressure multiplied by the volume of water moved. Similarly, in an electrical circuit, the work done to move electrons or other charge-carriers is equal to "electrical pressure" multiplied by the quantity of electrical charges moved. In relation to "flow", the larger the "pressure difference" between two points (potential difference or water pressure difference), the greater the flow between them (electric current or water flow). (See "Electric power".)

Applications[edit]

Working on high voltage power lines

Specifying a voltage measurement requires explicit or implicit specification of the points across which the voltage is measured. When using a voltmeter to measure potential difference, one electrical lead of the voltmeter must be connected to the first point, one to the second point.

A common use of the term "voltage" is in describing the voltage dropped across an electrical device (such as a resistor). The voltage drop across the device can be understood as the difference between measurements at each terminal of the device with respect to a common reference point (or ground). The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them.

Addition of voltages[edit]

The voltage between A and C is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C. The various voltages in a circuit can be computed using Kirchhoff's circuit laws.

When talking about alternating current (AC) there is a difference between instantaneous voltage and average voltage. Instantaneous voltages can be added for direct current (DC) and AC, but average voltages can be meaningfully added only when they apply to signals that all have the same frequency and phase.

Measuring instruments[edit]

Multimeter set to measure voltage

Instruments for measuring voltages include the voltmeter, the potentiometer, and the oscilloscope. The voltmeter works by measuring the current through a fixed resistor, which, according to Ohm's Law, is proportional to the voltage across the resistor. The potentiometer works by balancing the unknown voltage against a known voltage in a bridge circuit. The cathode-ray oscilloscope works by amplifying the voltage and using it to deflect an electron beam from a straight path, so that the deflection of the beam is proportional to the voltage.

Typical voltages[edit]

A common voltage for flashlight batteries is 1.5 volts (DC). A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC).

Common voltages supplied by power companies to consumers are 110 to 120 volts (AC) and 220 to 240 volts (AC). The voltage in electric power transmission lines used to distribute electricity from power stations can be several hundred times greater than consumer voltages, typically 110 to 1200 kV (AC).

The voltage used in overhead lines to power railway locomotives is between 12 kV and 50 kV (AC).

Galvani potential versus electrochemical potential[edit]

Main articles: Galvani potential, Electrochemical potential, and Fermi level

Inside a conductive material, the energy of an electron is affected not only by the average electric potential, but also by the specific thermal and atomic environment that it is in. When a voltmeter is connected between two different types of metal, it measures not the electrostatic potential difference, but instead something else that is affected by thermodynamics.^[5] The quantity measured by a voltmeter is the negative of difference of electrochemical potential of electrons (Fermi level) divided by electron charge, while the pure unadjusted electrostatic potential (not measurable with voltmeter) is sometimes called Galvani potential. The terms "voltage" and "electric potential" are a bit ambiguous in that, in practice, they can refer to either of these in different contexts.

References[edit]

^ "Voltage", Electrochemistry Encyclopedia
^ Demetrius T. Paris and F. Kenneth Hurd, Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York 1969, ISBN 0-07-048470-8, pp. 512, 546
^ P. Hammond, Electromagnetism for Engineers, p. 135, Pergamon Press 1969 OCLC 854336.
^ "Tension". CollinsLanguage.
^ Bagotskii, Vladimir Sergeevich (2006). Fundamentals of electrochemistry. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-471-70058-6.

External links[edit]

Look up voltage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Electrical voltage V, amperage I, resistivity R, impedance Z, wattage P
Elementary explanation of voltage at NDT Resource Center

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Robust ZnO nanoparticle embedded memory device using vancomycin conjugate and its biorecognition for electrical charging node.

Kim M1, Lee HJ2, Oh S1, Kim Y1, Jung H1, Oh MK2, Yoon YJ3, Yoo TH4, Yoon TS5, Lee HH6.Author information 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea.2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.3Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans's University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.4Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.5Department of Material Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea.6Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hyunho@mju.ac.kr.AbstractConjugation of antibiotic vancomycin (VAN) on nanoparticles (NPs) has recently initiated novel works in the nanobiotechnology field. In this study, a bioelectronic structure using VAN conjugated zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs as charge storing elements on metal-pentacene-insulator-silicon (MPIS) device is demonstrated. Highly specific molecular recognition between the VAN and membrane protein unit mimicked from VAN-resistant bacteria is employed as the formation mechanism of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) of ZnO NPs. The insulator surface is modified with the VAN cognate peptide of l-Ala-d-Glu-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala by chemical activator coupling. Hysteretic behaviors in capacitance versus voltage (C-V) curves are obtained for the charged ZnO NPs exhibiting flatband voltage shifts, which demonstrate the charge storage on the VAN conjugated ZnO NPs. The potential perspective of this study will be a tangible progress of biomolecular electronics implemented by the interface between biomolecules and electronics.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jun 15;56:33-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.049. Epub 2014 Jan 4.
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Electrochemiluminescence aptasensor based on bipolar electrode for detection of adenosine in cancer cells.

Shi HW1, Wu MS1, Du Y2, Xu JJ3, Chen HY1.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.2Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.3State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. Electronic address: xujj@nju.edu.cn.AbstractHere we report a novel approach for the detection of adenosine in cancer cells by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) on a wireless indium tin oxide bipolar electrode (BPE). In this approach, ferrocene (Fc) which is labeled on adenosine aptamer is enriched on one pole of the BPE by hybridization with its complementary DNA (ssDNA) and oxidized to Fc(+) under an external voltage of 5.0V at the two ends of BPE. Then, a reversed external voltage was added on the BPE, making Fc(+) enriched pole as cathode. The presence of Fc(+) promotes the oxidation reaction on the anodic pole of the BPE, resulting in a significant increase of ECL intensity using Ru(bpy)3(2+)/tripropylamine (TPA) system as test solution. The presence of target adenosine was reflected by the ECL signal decrease on the anodic pole caused by the target-induced removal of ferrocene-aptamer on the cathodic pole. The decrease of ECL signal was logarithmically linear with the concentration of ATP in a wide range from 1.0fM to 0.10μM. This ECL biosensing system could accurately detect the level of adenosine released from cancer cells.
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PMID 24441543

Digital multimeter-based immunosensing strategy for sensitive monitoring of biomarker by coupling an external capacitor with an enzymatic catalysis.

Tang D1, Zhang B2, Liu B2, Chen G2, Lu M3.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China. Electronic address: dianping.tang@fzu.edu.cn.2Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Ministry of Education & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.3Institute of Environmental and Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, PR China. Electronic address: minghua.lu2009@hotmail.com.AbstractA new digital multimeter (DMM)-based immunosensing system was designed for quantitative monitoring of biomarker (prostate-specific antigen, PSA used in this case) by coupling with an external capacitor and an enzymatic catalytic reaction. The system consisted of a salt bridge-linked reaction cell and a capacitor/DMM-joined electronic circuit. A sandwich-type immunoreaction with target PSA between the immobilized primary antibody and glucose oxidase (GOx)-labeled detection antibody was initially carried out in one of the two half-cells. Accompanying the sandwiched immunocomplex, the conjugated GOx could catalyze the oxidation of glucose, simultaneously resulting in the conversion of [Fe(CN)6](3-) to [Fe(CN)6](4-). The difference in the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6](3-)/[Fe(CN)6](4-) in two half-cells automatically produced a voltage that was utilized to charge an external capacitor. With the closing circuit switch, the capacitor discharged through the DMM, which could provide a high instantaneous current. Under the optimal conditions, the resulting currents was indirectly proportional to the concentration of target PSA in the dynamic range of 0.05-7ngmL(-1) with a detection limit (LOD) of 6pgmL(-1). The reproducibility, precision, and selectivity were acceptable. In addition, the methodology was validated by analyzing 12 clinical serum specimens, receiving a good accordance with the referenced values for the detection of PSA.
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Jung J1, Kim SJ1, Lee KW2, Yoon DH1, Kim YG1, Kwak HY1, Dugasani SR3, Park SH4, Kim HJ5.Author information 1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.2School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Physics and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.3Department of Physics and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.4Department of Physics and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sunghapark@skku.edu.5School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hjk3@yonsei.ac.kr.AbstractLow-temperature solution-processed In-Zn-O (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibiting a favorable microenvironment for electron transfer by adsorbed artificial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have extraordinary potential for emerging flexible biosensor applications. Superb sensing ability to differentiate even 0.5μL of 50nM DNA target solution was achieved through using IZO TFTs fabricated at 280°C. Our IZO TFT had a turn-on voltage (Von) of -0.8V, on/off ratio of 6.94×10(5), and on-current (Ion) value of 2.32×10(-6)A in pristine condition. A dry-wet method was applied to immobilize two dimensional double crossover tile based DNA nanostructures on the IZO surface, after which we observed a negative shift of the transfer curve accompanied by a significant increase in the Ion and degradation of the Von and on/off ratio. As the concentration of DNA target solution increased, variances in these parameters became increasingly apparent. The sensing mechanism based on the current evolution was attributed to the oxidation of DNA, in which the guanine nucleobase plays a key role. The sensing behavior obtained from flexible biosensors on a polymeric substrate fabricated under the identical conditions was exactly analogous. These results compare favorably with the conventional field-effect transistor based DNA sensors by demonstrating remarkable sensitivity and feasibility of flexible devices that arose from a different sensing mechanism and a low-temperature process, respectively.
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Japanese Journal

薄膜BOX-SOIを用いた超低電圧向けレペルシフタ回路の検討

中村昌平,宇佐美公良
情報処理学会研究報告. SLDM, [システムLSI設計技術] 2013-SLDM-161(8), 1-6, 2013-05-09
FD-SOIのデバイスの一つである薄膜BOX-SOI(Silicon on Thin Buried Oxide:SOTB)は、Vthばらつきを抑えることができるため、論理回路の更なる低電源電圧化を図ることができる。超低電圧の信号の変換に既存のレベルシフタを用いると、レベルシフタ内部の貫通電流により消費電力が非常に大きくなってしまう問題がある。この問題を解決するために、本論文では薄膜BOX-SOIを …
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レイアウト依存効果を考慮したパラメータ化セルによる性能駆動SRAMマクロ設計手法

張宇,中武繁寿
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A Vector Play Model for Finite-Element Eddy-Current Analysis Using the Newton-Raphson Method

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… Distributed power source used currently for residential use is not available under condition of black out, becauseits inverter is designed to operate relying on ac voltage of utility ac system. …
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「potential」「電位」「electric potential」「electrical potential」「ボルテージ」
拡張検索	「P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel」「voltage-operated calcium channel」「voltage-dependent anion channel」「voltage-dependent ion channel」

「potential」

	Voltage
	Batteries are sources of voltage in many electric circuits
Common symbol(s):	V , ∆V , E
SI unit:	volt

　　[★]

n.

電位、可能性、ポテンシャル

adj.

潜在的な、可能な、有望な

関: capability、capable、electric potential、electrical potential、feasibility、feasible、latently、likelihood、odds、possibility、possible、potentiality、potentially、probability、promising、voltage

「電位」

　　[★]

英: voltage、potential、electrical potential、electric potential
関: 可能、可能性、潜在的、ボルテージ、ポテンシャル、有望、電圧

「electric potential」

　　[★]

電位、電圧

関: electrical potential、potential、voltage

「electrical potential」

　　[★]

電位

関: electric potential、potential、voltage

「ボルテージ」

　　[★]

英: voltage
関: 電位

「P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel」

　　[★]

P/Q型電位依存性カルシウムチャネル

「voltage-operated calcium channel」

　　[★] 電位作動型カルシウムチャネル

「voltage-dependent anion channel」

　　[★]

電位依存性アニオンチャネル

「voltage-dependent ion channel」

　　[★] 電位依存性イオンチャネル

[1] "Voltage", Electrochemistry Encyclopedia

[2] Demetrius T. Paris and F. Kenneth Hurd, Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York 1969, ISBN 0-07-048470-8, pp. 512, 546

[3] P. Hammond, Electromagnetism for Engineers, p. 135, Pergamon Press 1969 OCLC 854336.

[4] "Tension". CollinsLanguage.

[5] Bagotskii, Vladimir Sergeevich (2006). Fundamentals of electrochemistry. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-471-70058-6.

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voltage