WordNet

provoke or excite; "The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy"
(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance"
arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion; "The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times"
a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing; "it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works"; "the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work"; "he was indebted to the pioneering work of John Dewey"; "the work of an active imagination"; "erosion is the work of wind or water over time" (同)piece of work
activity directed toward making or doing something; "she checked several points needing further work"
have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected; "The voting process doesnt work as well as people thought"; "How does your idea work in practice?"; "This method doesnt work"; "The breaks of my new car act quickly"; "The medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water" (同)act
be employed; "Is your husband working again?"; "My wife never worked"; "Do you want to work after the age of 60?"; "She never did any work because she inherited a lot of money"; "She works as a waitress to put herself through college" (同)do work
cause to work; "he is working his servants hard" (同)put to work
shape, form, or improve a material; "work stone into tools"; "process iron"; "work the metal" (同)work on, process
behave in a certain way when handled; "This dough does not work easily"; "The soft metal works well"
cause to operate or function; "This pilot works the controls"; "Can you work an electric drill?"
exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity; "I will work hard to improve my grades"; "she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor"
gratify and charm, usually in order to influence; "the political candidate worked the crowds"
move in an agitated manner; "His fingers worked with tension"
move into or onto; "work the raisins into the dough"; "the student worked a few jokes into his presentation"; "work the body onto the flatbed truck"
operate in a certain place, area, or specialty; "She works the night clubs"; "The salesman works the Midwest"; "This artist works mostly in acrylics"
operate in or through; "Work the phones"
proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity; "work your way through every problem or task"; "She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived"; "Start from the bottom and work towards the top"
treat gingerly or carefully; "You have to stroke the boss"
a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain (同)apoplexy, cerebrovascular_accident, CVA
(golf) the unit of scoring in golf is the act of hitting the ball with a club; "Nicklaus won by three strokes"
(sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand; "it took two strokes to get out of the bunker"; "a good shot requires good balance and tempo"; "he left me an almost impossible shot" (同)shot
a light touch with the hands (同)stroking
a single complete movement
any one of the repeated movements of the limbs and body used for locomotion in swimming or rowing
a light touch
a mark made on a surface by a pen, pencil, or paintbrush; "she applied the paint in careful strokes"
the oarsman nearest the stern of the shell who sets the pace for the rest of the crew
row at a particular rate
strike a ball with a smooth blow
touch lightly and repeatedly, as with brushing motions; "He stroked his long beard"
serving to permit or facilitate further work or activity; "discussed the working draft of a peace treaty"; "they need working agreements with their neighbor states on interstate projects"
a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked (同)workings
actively engaged in paid work; "the working population"; "the ratio of working men to unemployed"; "a working mother"; "robots can be on the job day and night" (同)on the job
adequate for practical use; especially sufficient in strength or numbers to accomplish something; "the party has a working majority in the House"; "a working knowledge of Spanish"
adopted as a temporary basis for further work; "a working draft"; "a working hypothesis"
performance of moral or religious acts; "salvation by deeds"; "the reward for good works" (同)deeds
the internal mechanism of a device (同)workings

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(一般的な)『仕事,』労働;努力,勉強 / 〈U〉(実際にやっている具体的な)『仕事』,作業,勉強 / 〈U〉《定冠詞なしで》『仕事の口,』職[業],(工場・会社などの)勤め先 / 〈U〉制作,細工;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》しわざ / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(文学・芸術の)『作品,』著作,(ある人の)作品 / 〈U〉《集合的に》(材料・道具などを含めて)作っているもの(今しているもの)全部 / 《複数形で》(機械の)動く部分,仕掛け / 《複数形で》《単数・複数扱い》《しばしば複合語を作って》『工場』 / 《複数形で》(宗教・道徳的な)行為,行い / 〈U〉(物理学で)仕事量 / 『働く』,仕事をする;(…に)取り組む,(…を)勉強する《+『at』(『on』)+『名』》 / (…に)『勤める』,勤務する《+『at』(『on, for』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈機械・道具などが〉『ぐあいよく動く,』作動する,〈計画などが〉うまくいく,〈薬などが〉効く / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある方向に)少しずつ進む / 〈顔などが〉ぴくぴく動く,〈波などが〉揺れる / 《通例副詞を伴って》細工される,こねられる / 発酵する / 〈機械・道具など〉‘を'『動かす』,運転する / 〈人・牛馬など〉‘を'『働かせる』 / 〈工場・鉱山・農場など〉‘を'操業(経営)する,〈土地〉‘を'耕作する / 〈ある地域〉‘を'活動場所にする,受け持つ / 〈結果・効果など〉‘を'もたらす,生じさせる / (手で)…‘を'細工する,加工する;…‘に'手を加えて(…を)作る《+名+into+名》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(苦労して)…‘を'進む,(努力して)…‘を'得る / 〈人・物〉‘を'動かして(…に)する《+名+to(into)+名》 / …‘を'刺しゅうする,縫い付ける
(こぶし・武器・金づちなどの)『一打ち』,一撃,打告《+of+名》 / 《単数形で》(運の)巡り合わせ《+of+名》 / 《単数形で》(…の)ひと仕事,ひと働き;みごとな成果《+of+名》 / (鐘・時計などの)『打つ音』《+of+名》 / (時計などが打って示す)時刻 / (繰り返される動作・運動の)『一動作』,一行程 / (ペン・鉛筆・筆などの)ひと筆,ひとなで;筆の運び,筆致 / 卒中 / (ゴルフ・テニスなどの)一打ち,ストローク / (心臓などの)一打ち,鼓動,脈搏 / (ボートの)整調[手] / 〈ボート〉‘の'整調をこぐ / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈ボール〉‘を'打つ
〈髪・動物など〉‘を'なでる,さする / 〈人〉‘を'なだめる《+名+down, down+名》 / 一なで,一さすり
(機械・器具などが)『動く』,使える / (特に生活にために)『働く』,[肉体]労働に従事する / (知識などが)『実際に役立つ』,実用的な / 『労働(仕事)上の』,労働(仕事)用の / (機械などの)動き方,動かし方《+of+名》 / (鉱山などの)作業場,現場

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/02 14:44:58」(JST)

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In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Stroke volume is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat (called end-systolic volume) from the volume of blood just prior to the beat (called end-diastolic volume). The term stroke volume can apply to each of the two ventricles of the heart, although it usually refers to the left ventricle. The stroke volumes for each ventricle are generally equal, both being approximately 70 mL in a healthy 70-kg man.

Stroke volume is an important determinant of cardiac output, which is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and is also used to calculate ejection fraction, which is stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. Because stroke volume increase in certain conditions and disease states, stroke volume itself correlates with cardiac function.

Calculation

Example values in healthy 70-kg man
Ventricular volumes view talk edit
Measure	Right ventricle	Left ventricle
End-diastolic volume	144 mL(± 23mL)^[1]	142 mL (± 21 mL)^[2]
End-diastolic volume / body surface area (mL/m²)	78 mL/m² (± 11 mL/m²)^[1]	78 mL/m² (± 8.8 mL/m²)^[2]
End-systolic volume	50 mL (± 14 mL)^[1]	47 mL (± 10 mL)^[2]
End-systolic volume / body surface area (mL/m²)	27 mL/m² (± 7 mL/m²)^[1]	26 mL/m² (± 5.1 mL/m²)^[2]
Stroke volume	94 mL (± 15 mL)^[1]	95 mL (± 14 mL)^[2]
Stroke volume / body surface area (mL/m²)	51 mL/m² (± 7 mL/m²)^[1]	52 mL/m² (± 6.2 mL/m²)^[2]
Ejection fraction	66% (± 6%)^[1]	67% (± 4.6%)^[2]
Heart rate	60–100 bpm^[3]	60–100 bpm^[4]
Cardiac output	4.0–8.0 L/minute^[5]	4.0–8.0 L/minute^[5]

Its value is obtained by subtracting end-systolic volume (ESV) from end-diastolic volume (EDV) for a given ventricle.

SV=EDV-ESV

In a healthy 70-kg man, ESV is approximately 50 mL and EDV is approximately 120mL, giving a difference of 70 mL for the stroke volume.

"Stroke work" refers to the work, or pressure of the blood ("P") multiplied by the stroke volume.^[6]

Determinants

Major factors influencing stroke volume – Multiple factors impact preload, afterload, and contractility, and are the major considerations influencing SV.^[7]

Men, on average, have higher stroke volumes than women due to the larger size of their hearts. However, stroke volume depends on several factors such as heart size, contractility, duration of contraction, preload (end-diastolic volume), and afterload.

Exercise

Prolonged aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. Reduced heart rate prolongs ventricular diastole (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume, and ultimately allowing more blood to be ejected.

Preload

Stroke volume is intrinsically controlled by preload (the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting). An increase in the volume or speed of venous return will increase preload and, through the Frank–Starling law of the heart, will increase stroke volume. Decreased venous return has the opposite effect, causing a reduction in stroke volume.

Afterload

Elevated afterload (commonly measured as the aortic pressure during systole) reduces stroke volume. Though not usually affecting stroke volume in healthy individuals, increased afterload will hinder the ventricles in ejecting blood, causing reduced stroke volume. Increased afterload may be found in aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension.

Stroke Volume Index

Similar to cardiac index, is a method of relating the stroke volume (SV) to the size of the person Body surface area (BSA).

$SVI={SV \over BSA}={(CO/HR) \over BSA}={CO \over {HR\times BSA}}$

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Maceira, Alicia (2006). "Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance" (PDF). European Heart Journal. 27: 2879–2888. PMID 17088316. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Maceira, Alicia (2006). "Normalized Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function by Steady State Free Precession Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 8: 417–426. doi:10.1080/10976640600572889. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between bradycardia and tachycardia. See the Bradycardia and Tachycardia articles for more detailed limits.
^ Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between bradycardia and tachycardia. See the Bradycardia and Tachycardia articles for more detailed limits.
^ ^a ^b Edwards Lifesciences LLC > Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult 2009
^ Katz, Arnold M. (2006). Physiology of the heart. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 337. ISBN 0-7817-5501-8.
^ Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787–846. ISBN 1938168135. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

Berne, Robert M., Levy, Matthew N. (2001). Cardiovascular Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby. ISBN 0-323-01127-6.
Boron, Walter F., Boulpaep, Emile L. (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.

External links

The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The Determinants of Cardiac Output (online video)

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