adj.

痙性の、痙直の、痙攣性の、けいれん性の、痙縮性の

関: convulsive、cramp、muscle spasticity、spasmodic、spasticity

WordNet

suffering from spastic paralysis; "a spastic child"
a person suffering from spastic paralysis
relating to or characterized by spasm; "a spastic colon"; "spastic paralysis is a spastic form of cerebral palsy"
the quality of moving or acting in spasms
secure with a cramp; "cramp the wood"
affect with or as if with a cramp
suffer from sudden painful contraction of a muscle
a strip of metal with ends bent at right angles; used to hold masonry together (同)cramp iron
a clamp for holding pieces of wood together while they are glued
resembling a convulsion in being sudden and violent; "a convulsive rage"; "convulsive laughter"
affected by involuntary jerky muscular contractions; resembling a spasm; "convulsive motions"; "his body made a spasmodic jerk"; "spastic movements" (同)spasmodic, spastic
a urinary bladder disorder resulting from spinal cord lesion or multiple sclerosis or trauma; absence of bladder sensation and incontinence and interrupted voiding of urine
abasia due to spastic contractions of the leg muscles

PrepTutorEJDIC

けいれん性麻痺患者
〈U〉〈C〉(筋肉の)けいれん,こむらがえり / 《複数形で》急激な腹痛 / …‘に'けいれんを起こさせる
(また『cramp iron』)かすがい / 締め具,締め金 / …'を'かすがい(締め具)で締めつける / …'を'拘束する
けいれん性の,発作的な / 急激な
けいれん性の / 発作的な / 断続的な,不規則な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/13 19:01:05」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Spaz" redirects here. For other uses, see Spaz (disambiguation).

Look up spastic or spaz in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The word spastic is used differently depending on location, which has led to some controversy and misunderstanding. Derived via Latin from the Greek spastikos ("drawing in" or "tugging"), the word originally referred to a change in muscles affected by the medical condition spasticity, which is seen in spastic diplegia and many other forms of cerebral palsy and in terms such as "spastic colon", with no negative connotation, as it is accurately descriptive of the condition. In India the word "spastic" is also used neutrally, with The Spastics Society of India non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO), working for neuro-muscular and developmental disabilities.^{[citation needed]}

The word in common speech can also be used in a pejorative context. The level of severity depends on whether one understands it as it is used in the United States or the United Kingdom.^[1] In the UK it is considered an offensive way to refer to disabled people.^[2]

United Kingdom and Ireland[edit]

The medical term "spastic" became used to describe cerebral palsy.^{[citation needed]} The Spastics Society, a UK charity for people with cerebral palsy, was founded in 1951.

However, the word began to be used as an insult and became a term of abuse used to imply stupidity or physical ineptness: one who is uncoordinated or incompetent, or a fool.^[3] It was often colloquially abbreviated to shorter forms such as "spaz". As a neighbouring English-speaking country, the insult spread to Ireland also and became one of the most prominent and insulting terms used in playgrounds.^{[citation needed]}

Its derogatory use grew considerably in the 1980s.^{[citation needed]} This is sometimes attributed to the BBC children's show Blue Peter. During the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981), several episodes featured a man with cerebral palsy (described as a "spastic") named Joey Deacon. Phrases such as "joey", "deacon", and "spaz" became popular insults amongst children at that time.^[4]

The Spastics Society changed its name to Scope in 1994. The words then gradually dropped out of common usage as the majority of British society came to regard them as offensive and politically incorrect.^{[citation needed]}

The current understanding of the word is well-illustrated by a BBC survey in 2003, which found that "spastic" was the second most offensive term in the UK relating to disability (retard was deemed most offensive).^[2] In 2007, Lynne Murphy, a linguist at the University of Sussex, described the term as being "one of the most taboo insults to a British ear".^[1]

United States[edit]

In American slang, the term "spaz" is largely inoffensive, and is generally understood as a casual word for clumsiness, sometimes associated with overexcitability, excessive startle response ("jumpiness"), excessive energy, or hyperactivity. Its usage has been documented as far back as the mid-1950s.^[5] In 1965, film critic Pauline Kael, explained to her readers, "The term that American teenagers now use as the opposite of 'tough' is 'spaz'. A spaz is a person who is courteous to teachers, plans for a career, and believes in official values. A spaz is something like what adults still call a square."^[5] The New York Times columnist similarly explained to readers that spaz meant "You're strictly from 23-skidoo."^[5] Benjamin Zimmer, editor for American dictionaries at Oxford University Press and researcher at the University of Pennsylvania's Institute for Research in Cognitive Sciences, writes that by the mid-1960s the American usage of the term spaz shifted from "its original sense of 'spastic or physically uncoordinated person' to something more like 'nerdy, weird or uncool person.'"^[6] By contrast, in a June 2005 newsletter for "American Dialect Society", Zimmer reports that the "earliest [written] occurrence of uncoordinated "spaz" (as opposed to uncool "spaz")?" is found in The Elastik Band's 1967 "undeniably tasteless garage-rock single" "Spazz".^[7]

Later in 1978, Steve Martin introduced a character Charles Knerlman, aka "Chaz the Spaz" on Saturday Night Live, in a skit with Bill Murray called "Nerds". Bill Murray later starred in the movie Meatballs which had a character named "Spaz."^[8] Both shows portrayed a spaz as a nerd or somebody uncool in a comic setting. Thus, while Blue Peter shaped the modern British understanding of the term, American viewers were being bombarded with a different image.^[5] In time, the term spaz, like its counterparts nerd and geek, lost its offensive nature and evolved into a term often used in self-deprecation.

The term occasionally appears in other North American movies or TV series such as Friends and receives a different reaction from British and American audiences. In one episode, Rachel refers to herself as a "laundry spaz" due to her inability to do the laundry. This comment was deemed offensive enough by the British Board of Film Classification to give the episode a 12 rating. Other episodes in the series are rated a step lower at PG.^[9]

The difference in understanding of the term between British and American audiences was highlighted by an incident with the golfer Tiger Woods; after losing the US Masters Tournament in 2006, he said, "I was so in control from tee to green, the best I've played for years... But as soon as I got on the green I was a spaz." His remarks were broadcast and drew no attention in America. But they were widely reported in Britain, where they caused offence and were condemned by a representative of Scope and Tanni Grey-Thompson, a prominent paralympian. On learning of the furor over his comments, Woods' representative promptly apologized.^[10]^[11]

"Spaz" products[edit]

Multiple products in America use the word Spaz as part of their name.

Controversy arises if products are sold in the UK under the same name. In particular the manufacturers and importers of the Spazz wheelchair were criticised by the British charity Scope when they put the wheelchair on sale in the UK. Scope expressed a fear that the usage of the word as an insult would increase again, after a steady decline since the 1980s.^[12]

A caffeinated lipbalm created by a police officer is called "SpazzStick." ^[13] "Spaz-Stix" is a company that produces high end remote control car/plane paints.

An energy drink is called "Spaz Juice" and has a slogan, "all the energy you need to annoy everybody else."^[14]

The Transformers Power Core Combiners line of robot toys includes a character named "Spastic". Hasbro, the makers of Transformers, said that it would not release "Spastic" in the UK. This did not stop vocal British fans from alerting various news outlets, eventually resulting in the name being changed for all markets to the less-offensive "Over-Run." The on-box biography for the Transformers toy called Strafe described him as "spastic" in early releases, but when the controversy erupted about the word, they changed the word to "twitchy."

On June 29, 2007, Ubisoft of France pulled one of their games called Mind Quiz: Your Brain Coach, for referring to players who did not perform well at the game as "Super Spastic". The company stated "As soon as we were made aware of the issue we stopped distribution of the product and are now working with retailers to pull the game off the market." ^[15] Similarly, Nintendo recalled Mario Party 8 in the UK after releasing a version containing the line "turn the train spastic" in its dialogue.^[16]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Murphy, M Lynne (2007-02-28). "spastic, learning disability". Separated by a Common Language. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ ^a ^b BBC (2003). "Worst Word Vote". Ouch. Archived from the original on 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ Rose, Damon (2006-04-13). "BBC News – The s-word". Retrieved 2007-07-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zimmer, Benjamin (2007-02-05). "A brief history of "spaz"". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2006-04-13). "Parents will never be cool". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2005-06-23). "spaz(z), n.". Newsletter. American Dialect Society. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ "Meatballs (1979)". imdb. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
^ Hoyle, Ben (2009-06-24). "British Board of Film Classification tightens age rating guidelines". London: TimesOnline. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
^ "SI.com – Golf – Agent: Tiger sorry for 'spaz' remark – Thursday April 13, 2006 4:02PM". CNN. 2006-04-13. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
^ BBC (2006-04-12). "Tanni criticises "stupid" Tiger". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ "The Daily Record – NEWS – DISABLED OUTRAGE OVER WHEELCHAIR CALLED THE SPAZZ – DISABLED OUTRAGE OVER WHEELCHAIR CALLED THE SPAZZ". Retrieved 2007-06-07.
^ "SPAZZSTICK dot com :: The World's ONLY Caffeinated Lip Balm!". Retrieved 2007-06-07.
^ "Happy Bunny Spaz Juice – The BevNET.com Review". Retrieved 2007-06-07.
^ "Brain game pulled over 'offence'". BBC News. 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
^ "Mario's Party ended for saying "spastic"". Retrieved 2007-07-16.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 脳性麻痺のマネージメントおよび予後 management and prognosis of cerebral palsy
2. 脊髄損傷の慢性合併症 chronic complications of spinal cord injury
3. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
4. ジストニアの分類および評価 classification and evaluation of dystonia
5. ペリツェウス・メルツバッハー病 pelizaeus merzbacher disease

English Journal

Tissue engineering the monosynaptic circuit of the stretch reflex arc with co-culture of embryonic motoneurons and proprioceptive sensory neurons.

Guo X, Ayala JE, Gonzalez M, Stancescu M, Lambert S, Hickman JJ.SourceHybrid Systems Lab, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2012 Aug;33(23):5723-31. Epub 2012 May 15.
The sensory circuit of the stretch reflex arc is composed of intrafusal muscle fibers and their innervating proprioceptive neurons that convert mechanical information regarding muscle length and tension into action potentials that synapse onto the homonymous motoneurons in the ventral spinal cord wh
PMID 22594977

Role of spastin and protrudin in neurite outgrowth.

Zhang C, Li D, Ma Y, Yan J, Yang B, Li P, Yu A, Lu C, Ma X.SourceDepartment of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
Journal of cellular biochemistry.J Cell Biochem.2012 Jul;113(7):2296-307. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24100.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by retrograde axonal degeneration that primarily affects long spinal neurons. The gene encoding spastin has a well-established association with HSP, and protrudin is a known binding partner of spastin. Here, we demonst
PMID 22573551

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD8+ cells accumulate in the lungs of patients infected with HTLV-I with pulmonary involvement.

Kawabata T, Higashimoto I, Takashima H, Izumo S, Kubota R.SourceDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2012 Jul;84(7):1120-7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23307.
Pulmonary involvement has been identified in human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) carriers and patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, the relationship between HTLV-I infection and lung disease is poorly understood. The occurrence of HTLV-I-s
PMID 22585731

Japanese Journal

難治性冠攣縮性狭心症の臨床的課題 (冠動脈疾患(下)診断と治療の進歩) -- (狭心症の臨床)

小川和男,吉村道博
日本臨床 69 (1010増刊9), 59-63, 2011-11
NAID 40019061193

冠攣縮性狭心症の診断と治療基準 (冠動脈疾患(下)診断と治療の進歩) -- (狭心症の臨床)

海北幸一,小川久雄
日本臨床 69 (1010増刊9), 53-58, 2011-11
NAID 40019061184

冠攣縮性狭心症の発症機序 (冠動脈疾患(下)診断と治療の進歩) -- (狭心症の臨床)

古賀聖士,池田聡司,前村浩二
日本臨床 69 (1010増刊9), 48-52, 2011-11
NAID 40019061161

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「cramp」「痙直」「convulsive」「痙縮性」「痙攣性」
拡張検索	「spastic cerebral palsy」「spasticity」「spastic palsy」「spastic plegia」