WordNet

a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11
any salt or ester of benzoic acid

PrepTutorEJDIC

ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)
安息香酸の塩またはエステル

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/22 22:06:59」(JST)

wiki en

Sodium benzoate has the chemical formula NaC₇H₅O₂; it is a widely used food preservative, with E number E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally at low levels in cranberries, prunes, greengage plums, cinnamon, ripe cloves, and apples.

Uses

Preservative

Sodium benzoate is a preservative. As a food additive, sodium benzoate has the E number E211. It is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions. It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments. It is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics.^[3]^[4] Concentration as a preservative is limited by the FDA in the U.S. to 0.1% by weight.^[5] Sodium benzoate is also allowed as an animal food additive at up to 0.1%, according to AFCO's official publication.^[6]

Pharmaceutical applications

Sodium benzoate is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders due to its ability to bind amino acids.^[7]^[8] This leads to excretion of these amino acids and a decrease in ammonia levels. Recent research shows that sodium benzoate may be beneficial as an add-on therapy (1 gram/day) in schizophrenia.^[9]^{[citation needed]} Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores dropped by 21% compared to placebo.

Sodium benzoate is used to treat hyperammonemia.^[10]

Sodium benzoate has been shown to halt the progression of Parkinson's in mice.^[10]

Other uses

Sodium benzoate is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.

Mechanism of food preservation

The mechanism starts with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH falls to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase decreases sharply^[11] which inhibits the growth and survival of microorganisms that cause food spoilage.

Production

Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide.^[12] Sodium benzoate can also be prepared by adding benzoic acid to a hot concentrated solution of sodium carbonate until effervescence ceases. The solution is then evaporated, cooled and allowed to crystallize or evaporate to dryness, and then granulated.

Health and safety

In the United States, sodium benzoate is designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration.^[13] The International Programme on Chemical Safety found no adverse effects in humans at doses of 647–825 mg/kg of body weight per day.^[14]^[15]

Cats have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice.^[16]

Association with benzene in soft drinks

In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate may form benzene, a known carcinogen. When tested by the FDA, most beverages that contained both ascorbic acid and benzoate had benzene levels that were below those considered dangerous for consumption by the World Health Organization (5 ppb).^[17] Most of the beverages that tested higher have been reformulated and subsequently tested below the safety limit.^[17] Heat, light and shelf life can increase the rate at which benzene is formed.

Hyperactivity

Research published in 2007 for the UK's Food Standards Agency (FSA) suggests that certain artificial colors, when paired with sodium benzoate, may be linked to hyperactive behavior. The results were inconsistent regarding sodium benzoate, so the FSA recommended further study.^[18]^[19]^[20] The Food Standards Agency concluded that the observed increases in hyperactive behavior, if real, were more likely to be linked to the artificial colors than to sodium benzoate.^[20] The report's author, Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, said: "The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children. . . . Many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."^[20]

In response to consumer insistence on a more natural product, the Coca Cola Company is in the process of phasing sodium benzoate out of Diet Coke. The company has stated it plans to remove sodium benzoate from its other products — including Sprite, Fanta, and Oasis — as soon as a satisfactory alternative is discovered.^[21]

Compendial status

British Pharmacopoeia^[22]^[23]^[24]
European Pharmacopoeia^[22]
Food Chemicals Codex^[22]
Japanese Pharmacopoeia ^[25]
United States Pharmacopeia 29^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1004
^ ^a ^b ^c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium benzoate. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
^ "Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group". Cosmeticsdatabase.com. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ "Sodium benzoate in Robitussin cough". Rxmed.com. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
^ AFCO (2004). "Official Publication". p. 262.
^ Häberle, J; Boddaert, N; Burlina, A; Chakrapani, A; Dixon, M; Huemer, M; Karall, D; Martinelli, D; Crespo, PS; Santer, R; Servais, A; Valayannopoulos, V; Lindner, M; Rubio, V; Dionisi-Vici, C (2012). "Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders". Orphanet journal of rare diseases 7: 32. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-32. PMC 3488504. PMID 22642880.
^ Wilcken, B (2004). "Problems in the management of urea cycle disorders". Molecular genetics and metabolism. 81 Suppl 1: S86–91. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.10.016. PMID 15050980.
^ Add-on Treatment of Benzoate for Schizophrenia A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of d-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor December 2013
^ ^a ^b Cinnamon May Be Used to Halt the Progression of Parkinson’s disease - Rush University, published in Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Cinnamon Treatment Upregulates Neuroprotective Proteins Parkin and DJ-1 and Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
^ Krebs HA, Wiggins D, Stubbs M, Sols A, Bedoya F (September 1983). "Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate". Biochem. J. 214 (3): 657–63. PMC 1152300. PMID 6226283.
^ "International Programme On Chemical Safety". Inchem.org. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
^ "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26: Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate". Inchem.org. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
^ Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Bindu Nair (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate". Int J Tox 20 (Suppl 3): 23–50. doi:10.1080/10915810152630729. PMID 11766131.
^ Bedford PG, Clarke EG (January 1972). "Experimental benzoic acid poisoning in the cat". Vet. Rec. 90 (3): 53–8. doi:10.1136/vr.90.3.53. PMID 4672555.
^ ^a ^b "Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages". United States Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ Food Standards Agency issues revised advice on certain artificial colours 6 September 2007
^ Food Colorings and Hyperactivity "Myomancy" 7 September 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours, Food Standards Agency, 11 September 2007
^ The Daily Mail DNA Damage Fear 24 May 2008
^ ^a ^b ^c Sigma Aldrich. "Sodium benzoate". Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ Therapeutic Goods Administration. "Chemical Substances" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat. "Index (BP)" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2010.
^ "Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th Edition". Retrieved 2 March 2010.
^ The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. "Revisions to USP 29–NF 24". Retrieved 17 July 2009.

External links

International Programme on Chemical Safety - Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate report
Kubota K, Ishizaki T (1991). "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid following oral administration of sodium benzoate to humans". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41 (4): 363–8. doi:10.1007/BF00314969. PMID 1804654. Although the maximum rate of biotransformation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid varied between 17.2 and 28.8 mg.kg-1.h-1 among the six individuals, the mean value (23.0 mg.kg-1.h-1) was fairly close to that provided by daily maximum dose (0.5 g.kg-1.day-1) recommended in the treatment of hyperammonaemia in patients with inborn errors of ureagenesis
Andersen A (2006). "Final report on the safety assessment of benzaldehyde". Int. J. Toxicol. 25 (Suppl 1): 11–27. doi:10.1080/10915810600716612. PMID 16835129.
Sodium Benzoate A Cause of Hyper Kids (TIME.com)
Safety data for sodium benzoate
The Ketchup Conundrum
ChemSub Online: Sodium benzoate

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における肝性脳症の治療 treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in adults
2. 尿素サイクル障害：管理 urea cycle disorders management
3. 食品添加物に対するアレルギー反応および喘息反応 allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives
4. 食品添加物に対するアレルギー反応および喘息反応を評価するための検査法および
チャレンジテスト testing and challenge procedures to evaluate allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives
5. 腰椎穿刺後頭痛 post lumbar puncture headache

English Journal

DNA content alterations in Tetrahymena pyriformis macronucleus after exposure to food preservatives sodium nitrate and sodium benzoate.

Loutsidou AC, Hatzi VI, Chasapis CT, Terzoudi GI, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME.SourceUniversity of Patras Department of Pharmacy GR-26504 Patras Greece.
Acta biologica Hungarica.Acta Biol Hung.2012 Dec;63(4):483-9. doi: 10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.4.7.
The toxicity, in terms of changes in the DNA content, of two food preservatives, sodium nitrate and sodium benzoate was studied on the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis using DNA image analysis technology. For this purpose, selected doses of both food additives were administered for 2 h to protozoa c
PMID 23134605

Isolation and characterization of a lipopeptide bioemulsifier produced by Pseudomonas nitroreducens TSB.MJ10 isolated from a mangrove ecosystem.

de Sousa T, Bhosle S.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403 206, India.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2012 Nov;123:256-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.056. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
Pseudomonas nitroreducens TSB.MJ10 exhibiting growth and bioemulsifier production with 0.5% sodium benzoate as the sole carbon source was isolated from a mangrove ecosystem in the vicinity of a petroleum pump. The bioemulsifier is a lipopeptide that is stable over a pH range of 5-11 and a temperatur
PMID 22940327

Japanese Journal

Characterization of Ocular Iontophoretic Drug Transport of Ionic and Non-ionic Compounds in Isolated Rabbit Cornea and Conjunctiva

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39(6), 959-968, 2016
NAID 130005155147

Characterization of ocular iontophoretic drug transport of ionic and non-ionic compounds in isolated rabbit cornea and conjunctiva

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005141692

Effects of sodium benzoate on pre-pulse inhibition deficits and hyperlocomotion in mice after administration of phencyclidine

ACTA NEUROPSYCHIATRICA 27(3), 159-167, 2015-01
NAID 120005619665

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「安息香酸ナトリウム」
拡張検索	「caffeine and sodium benzoate」

「安息香酸ナトリウム」

**Sodium benzoate**
Names
	IUPAC name sodium benzoate
	Other names E211, benzoate of soda
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	532-32-1
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1356
ChemSpider	10305
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1 ; Key: WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M ; InChI=1/C7H6O2.Na/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1; Key: WXMKPNITSTVMEF-REWHXWOFAY ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	517055
RTECS number	DH6650000
	SMILES [Na+].[O-]C(=O)c1ccccc1 ;
UNII	OJ245FE5EU
Properties
Molecular formula	C7H5NaO2
Molar mass	144.10 g·mol−1
Appearance	white or colorless crystalline powder
Odor	odorless
Density	1.497 g/cm3
Melting point	410 °C (770 °F; 683 K)
Solubility in water	62.69 g/100 mL (0 °C); 62.78 g/100 mL (15 °C); 62.87 g/100 mL (30 °C); 71.11 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	soluble in liquid ammonia, pyridine
Solubility in methanol	8.22 g/100 g (15 °C); 7.55 g/100 g (66.2 °C)
Solubility in ethanol	2.3 g/100 g (25 °C); 8.3 g/100 g (78 °C)
Solubility in 1,4-Dioxane	0.818 mg/kg (25 °C)
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	Warning
GHS hazard statements	H319
GHS precautionary statements	P305+351+338
EU classification	Xi
R-phrases	R36
S-phrases	S26
NFPA 704	1 2 0
Flash point	100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)
Autoignition; temperature	500 °C (932 °F; 773 K)
LD50 (Median lethal dose)	4100 mg/kg (oral, rat)
	Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: sodium benzoate
商: LL配合シロップ小児用、アスベリン、アンナカ、オピセゾールA、オピセゾールコデイン、サリベート、ネオダルムゾル、ネオバルギン、ネオバルギンS、ネオバルギンUHD、ネオバルギン共成、ハッカ水、バムスターG75、バムスターS100、バムスターS130、バムスターS200、バルギンS2号、バルギンSゾル3号、パンビタン末、ヒダントールD配合、ファンギゾン、フラジール、ベゲタミン-A配合、ボレー、塩酸ブテナフィンクリーム、単シロップ、硫酸バリウム散
関: 安息香酸

「caffeine and sodium benzoate」

　　[★]

安息香酸ナトリウムカフェイン

関: anhydrous caffeine、caffeine

caffeine、sodium benzoate

[chemister-1] ttp://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1004

[sigma-2] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium benzoate. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.

[3] "Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group". Cosmeticsdatabase.com. Retrieved 2013-01-14.

[4] "Sodium benzoate in Robitussin cough". Rxmed.com. Retrieved 2013-01-14.

[5] CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21

[6] AFCO (2004). "Official Publication". p. 262.

[7] Häberle, J; Boddaert, N; Burlina, A; Chakrapani, A; Dixon, M; Huemer, M; Karall, D; Martinelli, D; Crespo, PS; Santer, R; Servais, A; Valayannopoulos, V; Lindner, M; Rubio, V; Dionisi-Vici, C (2012). "Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders". Orphanet journal of rare diseases 7: 32. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-32. PMC 3488504. PMID 22642880.

[8] Wilcken, B (2004). "Problems in the management of urea cycle disorders". Molecular genetics and metabolism. 81 Suppl 1: S86–91. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.10.016. PMID 15050980.

[Add-on_Treatment_of_Benzoate_for_Schizophrenia_A_Randomized.2C_Double-blind.2C_Placebo-Controlled_Trial_of_d-Amino_Acid_Oxidase_Inhibitor-9] Add-on Treatment of Benzoate for Schizophrenia A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of d-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor December 2013

[rush-10] Cinnamon May Be Used to Halt the Progression of Parkinson’s disease - Rush University, published in Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Cinnamon Treatment Upregulates Neuroprotective Proteins Parkin and DJ-1 and Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

[11] Krebs HA, Wiggins D, Stubbs M, Sols A, Bedoya F (September 1983). "Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate". Biochem. J. 214 (3): 657–63. PMC 1152300. PMID 6226283.

[Sodium_benzoate_and_Benzoic_acid-12] "International Programme On Chemical Safety". Inchem.org. Retrieved 2013-01-14.

[13] CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21

[14] "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26: Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate". Inchem.org. Retrieved 2013-01-14.

[15] Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Bindu Nair (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate". Int J Tox 20 (Suppl 3): 23–50. doi:10.1080/10915810152630729. PMID 11766131.

[16] Bedford PG, Clarke EG (January 1972). "Experimental benzoic acid poisoning in the cat". Vet. Rec. 90 (3): 53–8. doi:10.1136/vr.90.3.53. PMID 4672555.

[FDA-17] "Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages". United States Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2013.

[Food_Standards_Agency_issues_revised_advice_on_certain_artificial_colours-18] Food Standards Agency issues revised advice on certain artificial colours 6 September 2007

[myomancy-7-9-7-19] Food Colorings and Hyperactivity "Myomancy" 7 September 2007

[.28Food_Standards.29_Agency_revises_advice_on_certain_artificial_colours-20] Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours, Food Standards Agency, 11 September 2007

[21] The Daily Mail DNA Damage Fear 24 May 2008

[sb-22] Sigma Aldrich. "Sodium benzoate". Retrieved 17 July 2009.

[cs-23] Therapeutic Goods Administration. "Chemical Substances" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2009.

[ibp-24] British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat. "Index (BP)" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2010.

[jp15e-25] "Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th Edition". Retrieved 2 March 2010.

[rusp-26] The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. "Revisions to USP 29–NF 24". Retrieved 17 July 2009.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

sodium benzoate