skeletal system

骨格系

WordNet

1. (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
2. instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
3. a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
4. a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
5. a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
6. a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
7. the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
8. of or relating to or forming or attached to a skeleton; "the skeletal system"; "skeletal bones"; "skeletal muscles"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
2. 骨格に;がい骨の;がい骨のような

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/30 14:17:29」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Human newborns have over 270 bones some of which fuse together into a longitudinal axis, the axial skeleton, to which the appendicular skeleton is attached.

Axial skeleton

Main article: Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (26), the rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum), and the skull (22 bones and 7 associated bones). The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints. The bones of the spine are supported by many ligaments. The erectors spinae muscles are also supporting and are useful for balance.

Appendicular skeleton

Main article: Appendicular skeleton

The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is formed by the pectoral girdles (4), the upper limbs (60), the pelvic girdle (2), and the lower limbs (60). Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of locomotion, digestion, excretion, and reproduction.

Function

The skeleton serves six major functions.

Support

The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the heart would collapse.

Movement

The joints between bones permit movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.

Protection

The skeleton protects many vital organs:

• The skull protects the brain, the eyes, and the middle and inner ears.
• The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
• The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the human lungs, human heart and major blood vessels.
• The clavicle and scapula protect the shoulder.
• The ilium and spine protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip.
• The patella and the ulna protect the knee and the elbow respectively.
• The carpals and tarsals protect the wrist and ankle respectively.

Blood cell production

The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow.

Storage

Bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store iron in ferrotin and is involved in iron metabolism. However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a bone.

Endocrine regulation

Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.

Sexual dimorphism

An articulated human skeleton, as used in biology education

There are many differences between the male and female human skeletons. Most prominent is the difference in the pelvis, owing to characteristics required for the processes of childbirth. The shape of a female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger to allow the head of a fetus to pass. A male's pelvis is about 90 degrees or less of angle, whereas a female's is 100 degrees or more. Also, the coccyx of a female's pelvis is oriented more inferiorly whereas a male's coccyx is usually oriented more anteriorly. This difference allows more room for childbirth. Males tend to have slightly thicker and longer limbs and digit bones (phalanges), while females tend to have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mandibles, less pronounced cranial features such as the brow ridges and external occipital protuberance (the small bump at the back of the skull), and the carrying angle of the forearm is more pronounced in females. Females also tend to have more rounded shoulder blades.

Disorders

See also: List of skeletal disorders

There are many classified skeletal disorders. One of the most common is osteoporosis. Also common is scoliosis, a side-to-side curve in the back or spine, often creating a pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine. This condition is most apparent during adolescence, and is most common with females.

Osteoporosis

Main article: Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone, which leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average) as measured by DXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture. Osteoporosis is most common in women after the menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a result of smoking and medications, specifically glucocorticoids, when the disease is craned steroid- or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP or GIOP).

Osteoporosis can be prevented with lifestyle advice and medication, and preventing falls in people with known or suspected osteoporosis is an established way to prevent fractures. Osteoporosis can also be prevented with having a good source of calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporosis can be treated with bisphosphonates and various other medical treatments.

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 骨格の正常な発達および骨形成ならびに骨吸収の調節 normal skeletal development and regulation of bone formation and resorption
• 2. 高血圧治療におけるレニン・アンギオテンシン系阻害 renin angiotensin system inhibition in the treatment of hypertension
• 3. Anesthesia for adult patients with asthma
• 4. 癌生存者用ケアの質の保証：癌と共生するためのケアプラン assuring quality of care for cancer survivors the survivorship care plan
• 5. 致死的骨格形成異常の出生前診断 prenatal diagnosis of the lethal skeletal dysplasias

English Journal

• Effects of training at mild exercise intensities on quadriceps muscle energy metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• Guzun R, Aguilaniu B, Wuyam B, Mezin P, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Auffray C, Saks V, Pison C.Source Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics, INSERM U1055, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France  HYLAB, Grenoble, France  Department of Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada  Laboratoire d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Cardio-Respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Inserm U1042, Laboratoire HP2, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France  Laboratoire d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France  INRA, Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France  Functional Genomics and Systems Biology for Health, CNRS, Villejuif, France  National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia  Clinique de Pneumologie, Pôle Cancérologie, Médecine Aigue Communautaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
• Acta physiologica (Oxford, England).Acta Physiol (Oxf).2012 Jun;205(2):236-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02388.x. Epub 2012 Jan 9.
• Aim:  To study the effects of physical training at mild intensities on skeletal muscle energy metabolism in eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and eight paired healthy sedentary subjects. Methods:  Energy metabolism of patients and controls vastus lateralis muscle w
• PMID 22118364

• Preliminary Study on the Mineral Apposition Rate in distal femoral epiphysis of New Zealand White Rabbit at Skeletal Maturity.

• Cacchioli A, Ravanetti F, Soliani L, Borghetti P.SourceAddresses of authors:  Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy  Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 33/A, 43124 Parma, Italy  Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
• Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2012 Jun;41(3):163-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01119.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
• With 3 figures and 1 table SUMMARY: Studies investigating the effect of different factors on the skeletal system require characterization of an appropriate animal model. Rabbits are among the most commonly studied animals for medical research, being used in about 35% of musculoskeletal research stud
• PMID 22150415

Japanese Journal

• Lysine suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation by regulating the autophagic-lysosomal system through phosphorylation of Akt in C2C12 cells

• Sato Tomonori,Ito Yoshiaki,Nagasawa Takashi
• SpringerPlus 3(584), 1-12, 2014-10-08
• … The prevention of muscle wasting requires an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation in skeletal muscle. … We previously showed that lysine (Lys) markedly suppressed myofibrillar protein degradation by inhibiting the autophagic-lysosomal system via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and other signal molecules in C2C12 cells. …
• NAID 120005522948

• 筋損傷にともなう神経筋接合部の変化

• 春日 規克,西沢 富江,山下 晋 [他],山下 晋
• 久留米大学健康・スポーツ科学センター研究紀要 (21), 1-7, 2014-03
• … The morphology of the neuromuscular junction was monitored over 10 days (12 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 days after injection) in longitudinal serial sections.Skeletal muscle fiber damage was detected early after BPVC injection. …
• NAID 120005448747

• 転移性骨腫瘍症例の予後因子と予後予測システム

• 片桐 浩久
• 静岡整形外科医学雑誌 7(2), 100-107, 2014
• NAID 40020318195

Related Links

• Skeletal System – Labeled Diagrams of the Human Skeleton

The Skeletal System – Extensive anatomy images and detailed descriptions allow you to learn all about the bones of the human skeleton, as well as ligaments. ... The malleus, incus, and stapes—known collectively as the auditory ...

• ABCya! Learn the Skeletal System - Label the Bones

ABCya! A fun and interactive children's activity to learn the skeletal system. Students click and drag the names of major bones to the appropriate box in the skeletal diagram. The number of attempts to complete the activity is ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「骨格系」
関連記事	「system」「skeletal」

「骨格系」

　　[★]

英

skeletal system

ラ

systema skeleti, systema skeletale

発生

• 沿軸中胚葉
• 側板中胚葉/壁側板中胚葉
• 外胚葉-神経堤

「system」

　　[★]

• n.

• 系、システム、体系、体制、方式

関

method、series、strain

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「skeletal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 骨格の、骸骨の(ような)

関

scaffold, skeleton