同: glenohumeral joint

同: glenohumeral joint

WordNet

come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
a disreputable place of entertainment
junction by which parts or objects are joined together
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
fasten with a joint
fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
separate (meat) at the joint
push with the shoulders; "He shouldered his way into the crowd"
a narrow edge of land (usually unpaved) along the side of a road; "the car pulled off onto the shoulder" (同)berm
the part of a garment that covers or fits over the shoulder; "an ornamental gold braid on the shoulder of his uniform"
a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula (同)shoulder_joint, articulatio humeri
a cut of meat including the upper joint of the foreleg
the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm
carry a burden, either real or metaphoric; "shoulder the burden"
lift onto ones shoulders
the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" (同)connection, connexion

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
《時制の一致によるshallの過去形》・《単純未来》・《意志未来》・《義務・当然・勧誘》・《should+原形》『すべきである』,するのが当然である,しなくてはならない・《should have+過去分詞》 …『すべきだった[のに]』,するのが当然であった[のに] ・《見込み・当然の結果》・《should+原形》 …『のはずである』,きっと…だろう・《should have+過去分詞》 …『して[しまって]いる(した)はずだ』,きっと…してしまっているだろう・《疑問詞とともに用いて,意外・不可解・驚きなど》『いったい…かしら』・《仮定条件に対する帰結節に用いて》・《一人称主語とともに》《現在または未来に反する仮定に対して》…『だろうに』,なのだが:《should have+過去に反する仮定に対して》 …『だったろうに』,したのだが・《二,三人称主語とともに》…させるのだが,したのだが・《条件節・譲歩節に用いて》『万一…だとしたら』(だとしても) ・《一人称主語とともに用いて,控え目で遠回しな表現として》…『したいが』,…するところが・《感情・判断などの表現に続くthat節に用いて》 …『するとは』,だなんて・《命令・提案・願望などの表現に続くthat節に用いて》 …『するように』,であることを / ・《目的を表す副詞節に用いて》 …する[ように];…しない[ように],してはいけない[から]
『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける
『肩』;《複数形で》(両肩を含む)上背部 / 《複数形で》(責任・重荷を負う)『双肩』,責任を負う能力 / 『肩に似た部分』;(服の)肩[の部分];(山などの)肩;(道路の)肩 / 肩肉 / …‘を'肩で押す / 〈物〉‘を'かつぐ,背負う / 肩で押す,肩で押し分けて進む

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/17 21:10:48」(JST)

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The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint from Greek glene, eyeball, + -oid, 'form of', + Latin humerus, shoulder) is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone).

Due to the very loose joint capsule that gives a limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body.

Structure

Cross-section of shoulder joint.

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. However the socket of the glenoid cavity of the scapula is itself quite shallow and is made deeper by the addition of the glenoid labrum. The glenoid labrum is a ring of cartilaginous fibre attached to the circumference of the cavity. This ring is continuous with the tendon of the biceps brachii above. Normal glenohumeral joint space is 4-5 mm.^[1]

Between the associated muscles of the shoulder is an anatomic space called the axillary space which transmits the subscapular artery and axillary nerve.

Capsule

The shoulder joint has a very loose joint capsule known as the articular capsule of the humerus and this can sometimes allow the shoulder to dislocate. The long head of the biceps brachii muscle travels inside the capsule from its attachment to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Because the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii is inside the capsule, it requires a tendon sheath to minimize friction.

Bursae

Bursae of shoulder joint: (1) and (6) subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, (2) subscapular recess, (3) subcoracoid bursa, (4) coracoclavicular bursa, (5) supra-acromial bursa

A number of small fluid-filled sacs known as synovial bursae are located around the capsule to aid mobility. Between the joint capsule and the deltoid muscle is the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. Between the capsule and the acromion is the subacromial bursa. The subcoracoid bursa is between the capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula. The coracobrachial bursa is between the subscapularis muscle and the tendon of the coracobrachialis muscle. Between the capsule and the tendon of the subscapularis muscle is the subscapular bursa, this is also known as the subtendinous bursa of the scapularis. (The supra-acromial bursa does not normally communicate with the shoulder joint).

Muscles

The shoulder joint is a muscle-dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments. The primary stabilizers of the shoulder include the biceps brachii on the anterior side of the arm, and tendons of the rotator cuff; which are fused to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin. The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through the bicipital groove on the humerus and inserts on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity to press the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity.^[2] The tendons of the rotator cuff and their respective muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) stabilize and fix the joint. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles aid in abduction and external rotation of the shoulder, while the subscapularis aids in internal rotation of the humerus.^[3]

Ligaments

Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Coraco-acromial ligament^[4]

Innervation

The nerves supplying the shoulder joint all arise in the brachial plexus. They are the suprascapular nerve, the axillary nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve.

Blood Supply

The shoulder joint is supplied with blood by branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, the suprascapular artery and the scapular circumflex artery.

Function

Animation of shoulder joint showing the supraspinatus muscle

The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity.

The glenoid cavity is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids in stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body.

Animation of shoulder joint. The muscles shown are subscapularis muscle (at right), infraspinatus muscle (at top left), teres minor muscle (at bottom left)

The movement of the scapula across the rib cage in relation to the humerus is known as the scapulohumeral rhythm, and this helps to achieve a further range of movement. This range can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in parts of the large trapezius muscles that hold the scapula in place. Such an imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder.

Movements

Flexion and extension of the shoulder joint in the (sagittal plane). Flexion is carried out by the anterior fibres of the deltoid, pectoralis major and the coracobrachialis. Extension is carried out by the latissimus dorsi and posterior fibres of the deltoid.
Abduction and adduction of the shoulder (frontal plane). Abduction is carried out by the deltoid and the supraspinatus in the first 90 degrees. From 90-180 degrees it is the trapezius and the serratus anterior. Adduction is carried out by the pectoralis major, lattisimus dorsi, teres major and the subscapularis.
Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the shoulder (transverse plane)
Medial and lateral rotation of shoulder (also known as internal and external rotation). Medial rotation is carried out by the anterior fibres of the deltoid, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major and the lattissimus dorsi. Lateral rotation is carried out by the posterior fibres of the deltoid, infraspinatus and the teres minor.
Circumduction of the shoulder (a combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).

Clinical significance

The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (adhesions) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting movement of the shoulder, a condition known as frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis.

A SLAP tear (superior labrum anterior to posterior) is a rupture in the glenoid labrum. SLAP tears are characterized by shoulder pain in specific positions, pain associated with overhead activities such as tennis or overhand throwing sports, and weakness of the shoulder. This type of injury often requires surgical repair.^[5]

Anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occurs when the humeral head is displaced in the anterior direction. Anterior shoulder dislocation often is a result of a blow to the shoulder while the arm is in an abducted position. It is not uncommon for the arteries and nerves in the axillary region to be damaged as a result of a shoulder dislocation; which if left untreated can result in weakness, muscle atrophy, or paralysis.^[6]

Subacromial bursitis is a painful condition caused by inflammation which often presents a set of symptoms known as subacromial impingement.

Additional images

Diagram of the human shoulder joint
The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.
Dissection image of coracohumeral ligament of glenohumeral joint in green.
Dissection image of cartilage of glenohumeral joint in green.

References

^ "Glenohumeral joint space". radref.org. , in turn citing: Petersson, Claes J.; Redlund-Johnell, Inga (2009). "Joint Space in Normal Gleno-Humeral Radiographs". Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 54 (2): 274–276. doi:10.3109/17453678308996569. ISSN 0001-6470.
^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2012). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Sixth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
^ Hub, Ken. The Rotator Cuff. 2014. 10 December 2014
^ Moore, K.; Dalley, A.; Agur, A. (2014). Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
^ "Shoulder Pain: Raising the level of diagnostic certainty about SLAP lesions". Clinical Updates for Medical Professionals. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Seventh ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 296. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

External links

Overview at brown.edu
Overview at ouhsc.edu
Anatomy figure: 10:03-12 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Diagram at yess.uk.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肩部の身体診察 physical examination of the shoulder
2. Acromioclavicular joint injuries ("separated" shoulder)
3. 肩関節の訴えがある患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with shoulder complaints
4. 肩の運動器超音波 musculoskeletal ultrasound of the shoulder
5. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of osteoarthritis

English Journal

Evaluation of shoulder function in clavicular fracture patients after six surgical procedures based on a network meta-analysis.

Huang SG1, Chen B1, Lv D2, Zhang Y3, Nie FF1, Li W1, Lv Y4, Zhao HL1, Liu HM1.
Disability and rehabilitation.Disabil Rehabil.2017 Jan;39(2):105-112. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
Purpose Using a network meta-analysis approach, our study aims to develop a ranking of the six surgical procedures, that is, Plate, titanium elastic nail (TEN), tension band wire (TBW), hook plate (HP), reconstruction plate (RP) and Knowles pin, by comparing the post-surgery constant shoulder scores
PMID 26984590

Effects of chronic shoulder pain on quality of life and occupational engagement in the population with chronic spinal cord injury: preparing for the best outcomes with occupational therapy.

Silvestri J1.
Disability and rehabilitation.Disabil Rehabil.2017 Jan;39(1):82-90. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
Purpose To examine the implications of chronic shoulder pain on quality of life and occupational engagement in spinal cord injury (SCI). The Ecology of Human Performance Model and Self-Efficacy Theory will be used to further examine the interplay of shoulder pain, quality of life and engagement in t
PMID 26884150

Neural control of arm movements reveals a tendency to use gravity to simplify joint coordination rather than to decrease muscle effort.

Wang W1, Dounskaia N2.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Dec 17;339:418-432. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.009. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
How gravity influences neural control of arm movements remains under debate. We tested three alternative interpretations suggested by previous research: (1) that muscular control includes two components, tonic which compensates for gravity and phasic which produces the movement; (2) that there is a
PMID 27751958

Japanese Journal

Test-retest reliability of an active range of motion test for the shoulder and hip joints by unskilled examiners using a manual goniometer

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(3), 722-724, 2016
NAID 130005141198

Pain syndromes in hemiplegic patients and their effects on rehabilitation results

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(3), 731-737, 2016
NAID 130005141194

Two-point discrimination of the upper extremities of healthy Koreans in their 20's

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(3), 870-874, 2016
NAID 130005141188

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「肩関節」「humeral articulation」
関連記事	「join」「should」「joint」「shoulder」

「肩関節」

Shoulder joint
	The right shoulder and shoulder joint
Details
Identifiers
Latin	Articulatio humeri
MeSH	A02.835.583.748
Dorlands; /Elsevier	a_64/{{{DorlandsSuf}}}
TA	A03.5.08.001
FMA	25912
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]