関: glenohumeral joint、shoulder joint

WordNet

the act of joining things in such a way that motion is possible
the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made (同)join, joint, juncture, junction
expressing in coherent verbal form; "the articulation of my feelings"; "I gave voice to my feelings" (同)voice
the aspect of pronunciation that involves bringing articulatory organs together so as to shape the sounds of speech

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉調音(分節して発音された音) / 〈U〉有節発音;発音の明りょう度 / 〈C〉関節,(植物の)節

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/18 14:39:42」(JST)

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The glenohumeral joint, (from ancient Greek glene, eyeball, puppet, doll + -oid, 'form of', + Latin humerus, shoulder) or shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). Due to the very limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body...

Structure

Cross-section of shoulder joint.

Capsule

The shoulder joint has a loose capsule that is lax inferiorly and therefore is at risk of dislocation inferiorly. The long head of the biceps brachii muscle travels inside the capsule to attach to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Because the tendon is inside the capsule, it requires a synovial tendon sheath to minimize friction.

A number of bursae in the capsule aid mobility. Namely, they are the subdeltoid bursa (between the joint capsule and deltoid muscle), subcoracoid bursa (between joint capsule and coracoid process of scapula), coracobrachial bursa (between subscapularis muscle and tendon of coracobrachialis muscle), subacromial bursa (between joint capsule and acromion of scapula) and the subscapular bursa (between joint capsule and tendon of subscapularis muscle, also known as subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle). The bursa are formed by the synovial membrane of the joint capsule. An inferior pouching of the joint capsule between teres minor and subscapularis is known as the axillary recess.

The shoulder joint is a muscle dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments. The primary stabilizers of the shoulder include the biceps brachii on the anterior side of the arm, and tendons of the rotator cuff; which are fused to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin. The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through the intertubercular groove on the humerus and inserts on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity to press the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity.^[1] The tendons of the rotator cuff and their respective muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) stabilize and fix the joint. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles aid in abduction and external rotation of the shoulder, while the subscapularis aids in internal rotation of the humerus.^[2]

Ligaments

Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Coraco-acromial ligament^[3]

Innervation

suprascapular nerve
axillary nerve
lateral pectoral nerve

Blood Supply

The glenohumeral joint is supplied with blood by branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, suprascapular arteries and the scapular circumflex arteries.

Function

The glenoid fossa is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids in stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint in the body.

Scapulohumeral rhythm helps to achieve further range of movement. The Scapulohumeral rhythm is the movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage in relation to the humerus. This movement can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in the muscles that hold the scapula in place which are the upper and lower trapezius. This imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder.

The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid fossa.

Movements

Flexion and extension of the shoulder joint (sagittal plane). Flexion done by the Anterior Fibres of the Deltoid, Pectoralis Major and the Coracobrachialis. Extension is done by Latissimus Dorsi, Posterior Fibres of the Deltoid.
Abduction and adduction of the shoulder (frontal plane). Abduction is done by Deltoid and the Supraspinatus in the first 90 degree. From 90-180 degree it is the Trapezius and the erratus Anterior. Adduction is done by Pectoralis Major, Lattisimus Dorsi, Teres Major and Subscapularis.
Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction of the shoulder (transverse plane)
Medial and lateral rotation of shoulder (also known as internal and external rotation). Medial Roatation is done by Anterior Fibres of Deltoid, Teres Major, Subscapularis, Pectoralis Major and the Lattissimus Dorsi. Lateral Rotation is done by Posterior Fibres of the Deltoid, Infraspinatus and the Teres Minor.
Circumduction of the shoulder (a combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction)

Clinical significance

The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (adhesions) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting movement of the shoulder, a condition known as frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis.

Additional images

Diagram of the human shoulder joint
The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.
Dissection image of coracohumeral ligament of glenohumeral joint in green.
Dissection image of cartilage of glenohumeral joint in green.

References

^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2012). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Sixth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
^ Hub, Ken. The Rotator Cuff. 2014. 10 December 2014 <https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-rotator-cuff>.
^ Moore, K.; Dalley, A.; Agur, A. (2014). Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

External links

Overview at brown.edu
Overview at ouhsc.edu
Anatomy figure: 10:03-12 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Diagram at yess.uk.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における上腕骨近位端骨折 proximal humeral fractures in adults
2. 小児における上腕骨近位端骨折 proximal humeral fractures in children
3. 上腕骨骨幹部のストレス骨折 stress fractures of the humeral shaft
4. 小児における上腕骨骨幹部骨折 midshaft humeral fractures in children
5. 成人における上腕骨骨幹部骨折 midshaft humeral fractures in adults

English Journal

Scapular taping alters kinematics in asymptomatic subjects.

Shaheen AF, Villa C, Lee YN, Bull AM, Alexander CM.SourceDepartment of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.J Electromyogr Kinesiol.2013 Apr;23(2):326-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.005. Epub 2012 Dec 21.
BACKGROUND: Scapular taping is frequently used in the management of shoulder pain and as a part of injury prevention strategies in sports. It is believed to alter scapular kinematics and restore normal motion. However, there is little evidence to support its use. The aim of the study was to investig
PMID 23261085

Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist XLIV. Ultrasound of the shoulder in healthy individuals.

Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Sakellariou G, Ceccarelli F, Di Geso L, Carli L, Riente L, Delle Sedie A, Valesini G.SourceRheumatology Unit, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy. annamaria.iagnocco@uniroma1.it.
Clinical and experimental rheumatology.Clin Exp Rheumatol.2013 Mar 13. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of shoulder ultrasound (US) detectable abnormalities in asymptomatic individuals of various ages and to correlate the US findings with clinical data.METHODS: 97 healthy subjects were enrolled in the present study. They were subgrouped according to their age,
PMID 23484463

Trabecular bone microstructure scales allometrically in the primate humerus and femur.

Ryan TM, Shaw CN.SourceDepartment of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, , University Park, PA 16802, USA, Center for Quantitative X-Ray Imaging, EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, , University Park, PA 16802, USA, PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, , Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, , Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2013 Mar 13;280(1758):20130172. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0172. Print 2013.
Most analyses of trabecular microarchitecture in mammals have focused on the functional significance of interspecific variation, but they have not effectively considered the influence of body size or phylogeny on bone architecture. The goals of this study were to determine the relationship between t
PMID 23486443

Japanese Journal

ゼロポジション内外旋運動における上腕骨頭偏位の検討

西中直也,大田勝弘,松久孝行,上原大志,永井英,三原研一,鈴木一秀,牧内大輔,筒井廣明,近良明,Banks Scott A,蒲田和芳
肩関節 = Shoulder joint 33(2), 261-263, 2009-07-27
… It is assumed that normal shoulder stability limits glenohumeral translation, but posterosuperior or anterior humeral translation has been reported during abduction and external rotation in the pathological throwing shoulder. … Glenohumeral translation was determined in each data frame by finding the location on the humeral head with the smallest separation from the plane of the glenoid. … Humeral translation was referenced in the superior/inferior direction to the midpoint of the long axis. …
NAID 10025335137

1145 ヒト肩関節を規範としたロボット関節機構の肩甲骨の構成(J04-3 生物の運動機能/バイオミメティクスとバイオメカニクス/バイオロボティクスとバイオメカトロニクス(3),J04 生物の運動機能/バイオミメティクスとバイオメカニクス/バイオロボティクスとバイオメカトロニクス)

坂井伸朗,山口剛,澤江義則,村上輝夫
年次大会講演論文集 : JSME annual meeting 2007(6), 129-130, 2007-09-07
… Scapulo-humeral joint has a ball joint mechanism that moves in 3-degrees of freedom in single joint. … In previous paper, authors reported the development of the robotic Scapulo-humeral mechanism that had the ball joint mechanism and was driven by 6 wires. … Consequently, authors tried to develop the Scapulo-thoracic articulation mechanism to reveal harmonic motion of shoulder complex. …
NAID 110007084821

robusticityとshape--ネアンデルタ-ル人四肢骨形態の機能的解釈〔英文〕 (四肢骨の形態と適応<シンポジウム>)

Trinkaus Erik [他],CHURCHILL Steven E.,VILLEMEUR Isabelle,RILEY Kathy G.,HELLER Julie A.,RUFF Christopher B.
人類學雜誌 99(3), 257-278, 1991
… A review of ongoing research on Neandertal appendicular morphology with respect to the scapulo-humeral articulation, the pollical and mid-carpal carpo-metacarpal articulations, proximal femoral trabecular orientation, femoral diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry, and proximal pedal phalangeal diaphyseal proportions illustrate the nature of the problems associated with making distinctions between robusticity and shape in fossil hominid remains. …
NAID 130003727152

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「articulation」「humeral」

「articulation」

Glenohumeral joint
	The right shoulder and Glenohumeral joint
Details
Latin	Articulatio humeri
Identifiers
Gray's	p.315
MeSH	A02.835.583.748
Dorlands; /Elsevier	a_64/12161240
TA	A03.5.08.001
FMA	25912
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

n.

接合すること、接合部、関節。はっきり発音すること、アーティキュレーション
明確に表現すること。分節化。調音、言語音
関連づけ

「humeral」

　　[★]

adj.

上腕骨の

関: humerus、upper arm bone

[1] Saladin, Kenneth S. (2012). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Sixth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

[2] Hub, Ken. The Rotator Cuff. 2014. 10 December 2014 <https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-rotator-cuff>.

[3] Moore, K.; Dalley, A.; Agur, A. (2014). Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

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案内

案内

humeral articulation