WordNet

a narrow ledge or shelf typically at the top or bottom of a slope
a maid who is employed to clean and care for bedrooms (now primarily in hotels) (同)fille de chambre
to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"

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(ホテル・モーテルの)部屋係メイド
ドーベルマンピンシェル(ドイツ種の中型犬)
《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/11 23:30:48」(JST)

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Embankment dam with two berms

A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier separating two areas. It can serve as a border barrier. The word berm originates in the Middle Dutch and German berme and came into usage in English via French.^[1]

Military use

History

In medieval military engineering, a berm (or berme) was a level space between a parapet or defensive wall and an adjacent steep-walled ditch or moat.^[1] It was intended to reduce soil pressure on the walls of the excavated part to prevent its collapse. It also meant that debris dislodged from fortifications would not fall into (and fill) a ditch or moat.

In the trench warfare of World War I, the name was applied to a similar feature at the lip of a trench, which served mainly as an elbow-rest for riflemen.

Modern usage

In modern military engineering, berm has come to mean the earthen or sod wall or parapet itself. The term especially refers to a low earthen wall adjacent to a ditch. The digging of the ditch (often by a bulldozer or military engineering vehicle) can provide the soil from which the berm is constructed. Walls constructed in this manner are an effective obstacle to vehicles, including most armoured fighting vehicles, but are easily crossed by infantry. Because of the ease of construction, such walls can be made hundreds or thousands of kilometres long.

Erosion control

Berms are also used to control erosion and sedimentation by reducing the rate of surface runoff. The berms either reduce the velocity of the water, or direct water to areas that are not susceptible to erosion, thereby reducing the adverse effects of running water on exposed topsoil. Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the construction of berms designed to prevent oil from reaching the fragile Louisiana wetlands (which would result in massive erosion) was proposed early on, and was officially approved by the federal government in mid-June, 2010, after numerous failures to stop and contain the oil leak with more advanced technologies.^[2]

House construction

Earth is piled up against exterior walls and packed, sloping down away from the house. The roof may or may not be fully earth covered, and windows/openings may occur on one or more sides of the shelter. Due to the building being above ground, fewer moisture problems are associated with earth berming in comparison to underground/fully recessed construction.

Uses in other applications

A typical berm application

Berm has been adopted as a wider term usually used to describe a physical, stationary barrier of some kind. For example in modern highway construction, a berm is a noise barrier constructed of earth, often landscaped, running along a highway to protect adjacent land users from noise pollution. The shoulder of a road is also called a berm and in New Zealand the word describes a publicly owned grassed nature strip sometimes planted with trees alongside urban roads.^[3] [1] In Snowboard Cross, a berm is a wall of snow built up in a corner.^[4] In Mountain biking, a berm is a banked turn formed by soil, commonly dug from the track, being deposited on the outer rim of the turn. In coastal systems, a berm is a raised ridge of pebbles or sand found at high tide or storm tide marks on a beach. In snow removal, a berm or windrow refers to the linear accumulation of snow cast aside by a plow.^[5] In open-pit mining, a berm refers to dirt and rock piled alongside a haulage road or along the edge of a dump point. Intended as a safety measure, they are commonly required by government organizations to be at least half as tall as the wheels of the largest mining machine on-site.^[6]^[7]

Physical security systems employ berms to exclude hostile vehicles and slow attackers on foot (similar to the military application without the trench). Security berms are common around military and nuclear facilities. An example is the berm proposed for Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant in Vermont.^[8] At Baylor Ballpark, a baseball stadium on the campus of Baylor University, a berm is constructed down the right field line. The berm replaces bleachers, and general admission tickets are sold for fans who wish to sit on the grass or watch the game from the top of the hill.

Berms are also used as a method of environmental spill containment and liquid spill control. Bunding is the construction of a secondary impermeable barrier around and beneath storage or processing plant, sufficient to contain the plant's volume after a spill. This is often achieved on large sites by surrounding the plant with a berm. The EPA requires that oils and fuels stored over certain volume levels be placed in secondary spill containment. Berms for spill containment are typically manufactured from PVC or geomembrane fabric that provide a barrier to keep spills from reaching the ground or navigable waterways. Most berms have sidewalls to keep liquids contained for future capture and safe disposal.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ the CNN Wire Staff (2010-06-03). "'Top Kill' fails, BP moves on 'to next option.'". Cnn.com. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
^ "berm also berme, n., def. 1.b". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. 1992. ISBN 0395448956. The shoulder of a road.
^ Pro Snowboarder. "EXPN.com BMX Glossary". Expn.go.com. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
^ Glossary of Snow and Ice Control Terms
^ "Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) - Interactive Training - Surface Powered Haulage Safety". Msha.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
^ "Microsoft PowerPoint - DumpPointSafety.ppt [Read-Only]" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-06-23.
^ http://www.state.vt.us/psb/orders/2006/files/7082orderrerecon.pdf
^ http://www.aireindustrial.net

External links

Media related to Berms at Wikimedia Commons

English Journal

Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water.

Colford JM Jr, Schiff KC, Griffith JF, Yau V, Arnold BF, Wright CC, Gruber JS, Wade TJ, Burns S, Hayes J, McGee C, Gold M, Cao Y, Noble RT, Haugland R, Weisberg SB.SourceUniversity of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, 101 Haviland, MC# 7358, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, USA.
Water research.Water Res.2012 May 1;46(7):2176-86. Epub 2012 Feb 2.
BACKGROUND: Traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurement is too slow (>18 h) for timely swimmer warnings.OBJECTIVES: Assess relationship of rapid indicator methods (qPCR) to illness at a marine beach impacted by urban runoff.METHODS: We measured baseline and two-week health in 9525 i
PMID 22356828

Crossing the Berm: An Occupational Therapist's Perspective on Animal-Assisted Therapy in a Deployed Environment.

Gregg BT.SourceWilliam Beaumont Army Medical Center, Fort Bliss, Texas.
U.S. Army Medical Department journal.US Army Med Dep J.2012 Apr-Jun:55-6.
PMID 22388682

Japanese Journal

セットバック型放水路吐口からの流路形成に関する大規模掘削実験

土木学会論文集Ｂ２（海岸工学） 73(2), I_703-I_708, 2017
NAID 130006171949

海底勾配の違いを考慮した前浜地形変化モデルの適用検証

土木学会論文集Ｂ２（海岸工学） 73(2), I_577-I_582, 2017
NAID 130006171877

バーム背後の放水路からの浸透流によるバームの消失実験

土木学会論文集Ｂ２（海岸工学） 73(2), I_571-I_576, 2017
NAID 130006171874

Related Pictures

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