WordNet

come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
a disreputable place of entertainment
junction by which parts or objects are joined together
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
fasten with a joint
fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
separate (meat) at the joint
the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" (同)connection, connexion
having joints or jointed segments;

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける
継ぎ目のある;関節のある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/07 17:12:37」(JST)

wiki en

The glenohumeral joint, (from ancient Greek glene, eyeball, puppet, doll + -oid, 'form of', + Latin humerus, shoulder) or shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). Due to the very limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body.

Structure

Cross-section of shoulder joint.

Capsule

The shoulder joint has a loose capsule that is lax inferiorly and therefore is at risk of dislocation inferiorly. The long head of the biceps brachii muscle travels inside the capsule to attach to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Because the tendon is inside the capsule, it requires a synovial tendon sheath to minimize friction.

A number of bursae in the capsule aid mobility. Namely, they are the subdeltoid bursa (between the joint capsule and deltoid muscle), subcoracoid bursa (between joint capsule and coracoid process of scapula), coracobrachial bursa (between subscapularis muscle and tendon of coracobrachialis muscle), subacromial bursa (between joint capsule and acromion of scapula) and the subscapular bursa (between joint capsule and tendon of subscapularis muscle, also known as subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle). The bursa are formed by the synovial membrane of the joint capsule. An inferior pouching of the joint capsule between teres minor and subscapularis is known as the axillary recess.

The shoulder joint is a muscle dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments.

Ligaments

Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Coraco-acromial ligament ^[1]

Innervation

suprascapular nerve
axillary nerve
lateral pectoral nerve

Blood Supply

The glenohumeral joint is supplied with blood by branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, suprascapular arteries and the scapular circumflex arteries.

Function

The glenoid fossa is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids in stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint in the body.

Scapulohumeral rhythm helps to achieve further range of movement. The Scapulohumeral rhythm is the movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage in relation to the humerus. This movement can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in the muscles that hold the scapula in place which are the upper and lower trapezius. This imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder.

The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid fossa.

Movements

Flexion and extension of the shoulder joint
Abduction and adduction of the shoulder
Medial and lateral rotation of shoulder
Circumduction of the shoulder

Clinical significance

The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (adhesions) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting movement of the shoulder, a condition known as frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis.

Additional images

Diagram of the human shoulder joint
The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.
Dissection image of coracohumeral ligament of glenohumeral joint in green.
Dissection image of cartilage of glenohumeral joint in green.

References

^ Moore, K., Dalley, A., Agur, A. Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Lippincott Williams and WIlkins, 2014

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glenohumeral joint.

Overview at brown.edu
Overview at ouhsc.edu
Anatomy figure: 10:03-12 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Diagram at yess.uk.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肩部の身体診察 physical examination of the shoulder
2. 変形性肩関節症 glenohumeral osteoarthritis
3. 小児および思春期における急性肩痛および傷害の外傷性原因 traumatic causes of acute shoulder pain and injury in children and adolescents
4. 肩関節の訴えがある患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with shoulder complaints
5. 筋骨格系超音波検査：関節およびその他の構造のガイド下での注射および吸引 musculoskeletal ultrasonography guided injection and aspiration of joints and related structures

English Journal

Influence of different shoulder-elbow configurations on steering precision and steering velocity in automotive context.

Schmidt S1, Seiberl W2, Schwirtz A2.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Jan;46 Pt A:176-83. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.07.017. Epub 2014 Aug 26.
Ergonomic design requirements are needed to develop optimum vehicle interfaces for the driver. The majority of the current specifications consider only anthropometric conditions and subjective evaluations of comfort. This paper examines specific biomechanical aspects to improve the current ergonomic
PMID 25168195

Effect of isolated hyperglycemia on native mechanical and biologic shoulder joint properties in a rat model.

Thomas SJ1, Sarver JJ, Yannascoli SM, Tucker JJ, Kelly JD 4th, Ahima RS, Barbe MF, Soslowsky LJ.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2014 Nov;32(11):1464-70. doi: 10.1002/jor.22695. Epub 2014 Jul 28.
Recently, diabetes has been linked to rotator cuff disease and adhesive capsulitis, conditions with increased stiffness and inflammation. Unfortunately, limited research exists examining how hyperglycemia affects the native shoulder (tendon and capsule) properties. Therefore, the objectives of this
PMID 25070655

Scapular dyskinesis is detrimental to shoulder tendon properties and joint mechanics in a rat model.

Reuther KE1, Thomas SJ, Tucker JJ, Yannascoli SM, Caro AC, Vafa RP, Liu SS, Gordon JA, Bhatt PR, Kuntz AF, Soslowsky LJ.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2014 Nov;32(11):1436-43. doi: 10.1002/jor.22693. Epub 2014 Jul 28.
Shoulder tendon injuries are frequently seen in the presence of abnormal scapular motion, termed scapular dyskinesis. The cause and effect relationship between scapular dyskinesis and shoulder injury has not been directly defined. We developed and used an animal model to examine the initiation and p
PMID 25070580