WordNet

hamper the progress of; impede; "short-circuit warm feelings"
create a short circuit in (同)short
without possessing something at the time it is contractually sold; "he made his fortune by selling short just before the crash"
the location on a baseball field where the shortstop is stationed
low in stature; not tall; "he was short and stocky"; "short in stature"; "a short smokestack"; "a little man" (同)little
lacking foresight or scope; "a short view of the problem"; "shortsighted policies"; "shortsighted critics derided the plan"; "myopic thinking" (同)shortsighted, unforesightful, myopic
at a disadvantage; "I was caught short" (同)unawares
(primarily spatial sense) having little length or lacking in length; "short skirts"; "short hair"; "the board was a foot short"; "a short toss"
at some point or distance before a goal is reached; "he fell short of our expectations"
clean across; "the cars axle snapped short"
not holding securities or commodities that one sells in expectation of a fall in prices; "a short sale"; "short in cotton"
of speech sounds or syllables of relatively short duration; "the English vowel sounds in `pat, `pet, `pit, `pot, putt are short"
primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration; "a short life"; "a short flight"; "a short holiday"; "a short story"; "only a few short months"
so as to interrupt; "She took him up short before he could continue"
tending to crumble or break into flakes due to a large amount of shortening; "shortbread is a short crumbly cookie"; "a short flaky pie crust"
make a circuit; "They were circuiting about the state"
an electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow (同)electrical circuit, electric circuit
(law) a judicial division of a state or the United States (so-called because originally judges traveled and held court in different locations); one of the twelve groups of states in the United States that is covered by a particular circuit court of appeal
an established itinerary of venues or events that a particular group of people travel to; "shes a familiar name on the club circuit"; "on the lecture circuit"; "the judge makes a circuit of the courts in his district"; "the international tennis circuit"
the act of propping up with shores (同)shoring up, propping up

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'ショートさせる / 〈手続きなど〉‘を'簡略にする / ショートする
(長さ・時間・距離などが)『短い』,近い・(人が)『背が低い』・(数量・期間などが)不足の』,乏しい;目標(標準)に達しない・(文などが)『簡潔な』,手短な・『そっけない』,ぞんぞいな,無愛想な・(ケーキなどが)かりかりする,さくさくする・(母音・音節が)短い;(詩の行の母音が)強勢のない・急に,突然・短いもの;欠けているもの・短篇映画(short movie, short subject) ・=short circuit・《複数形で》不足,欠損 / …‘を'短絡させる,ショートさせる / 短絡する,ショートする
『回ること』;一周,一巡 / (牧師・裁判官・外交員などの定期的な)巡回 / 巡回する経路,巡回区域;(特に)巡回裁判区 / (電気の)配線系統,回路 / (映画館・劇場などの)チェーン,興行系統 / (チーム・クラブ・競技場などの)連盟,リーグ / (土地・物などの)周囲,回り / 境界線で囲まれた区域
半ズボン,ショートパンツ / 《おもに米》(男物下着の)パンツ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/29 02:51:21」(JST)

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Tree limbs cause a short circuit, triggering an electrical arc during a storm

A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path, often where essentially no (or a very low) electrical impedance is encountered. The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an "open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes. It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.

Definition

A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different voltages. This results in an excessive electric current limited only by the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the rest of the network and potentially causes circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion. Although usually the result of a fault, there are cases where short circuits are caused intentionally, for example, for the purpose of voltage-sensing crowbar circuit protectors.

In circuit analysis, a short circuit is a connection between two nodes that forces them to be at the same voltage. In an ideal short circuit, this means there is no resistance and no voltage drop across the short. In real circuits, the result is a connection with almost no resistance. In such a case, the current is limited by the rest of the circuit.

Examples

A common type of short circuit occurs when the positive and negative terminals of a battery are connected with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. With low resistance in the connection, a high current exists, causing the cell to deliver a large amount of energy in a short time.

A large current through a battery can cause the rapid buildup of heat, potentially resulting in an explosion or the release of hydrogen gas and electrolyte (an acid or a base), which can burn tissue, cause blindness or even death. Overloaded wires can also overheat, sometimes causing damage to the wire's insulation, or a fire. High current conditions may also occur with electric motor loads under stalled conditions, such as when the impeller of an electrically driven pump is jammed by debris; this is not a short, though it may have some similar effects.

In electrical devices unintentional short circuits are usually caused when a wire's insulation breaks down, or when another conducting material is introduced, allowing charge to flow along a different path than the one intended.

In mains circuits, short circuits may occur between two phases, between a phase and neutral or between a phase and earth (ground). Such short circuits are likely to result in a very high current and therefore quickly trigger an overcurrent protection device. However, it is possible for short circuits to arise between neutral and earth conductors, and between two conductors of the same phase. Such short circuits can be dangerous, particularly as they may not immediately result in a large current and are therefore less likely to be detected. Possible effects include unexpected energisation of a circuit presumed to be isolated. To help reduce the negative effects of short circuits, power distribution transformers are deliberately designed to have a certain amount of leakage reactance. The leakage reactance (usually about 5 to 10% of the full load impedance) helps limit both the magnitude and rate of rise of the fault current.

A short circuit may lead to formation of an electric arc. The arc, a channel of hot ionized plasma, is highly conductive and can persist even after significant amount of original material of the conductors was evaporated. Surface erosion is a typical sign of electric arc damage. Even short arcs can remove significant amount of materials from the electrodes. The temperature of the resulting electrical arc is very high (tens of thousands of degrees Fahrenheit), causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool and migrate with the current, as well as to escape into the air as fine particulate matter.^[1]

Damage

A short circuit fault current can, within milliseconds, be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. Damage from short circuits can be reduced or prevented by employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. Overload protection must be chosen according to the current rating of the circuit. Circuits for large home appliances require protective devices set or rated for higher currents than lighting circuits. Wire gauges specified in building and electrical codes are chosen to ensure safe operation in conjunction with the overload protection. An overcurrent protection device must be rated to safely interrupt the maximum prospective short circuit current.

In an improper installation, the overcurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts with poor conductivity (faulty joints in wiring, faulty contacts in power sockets, or even the site of the short circuit itself). Such overheating is a common cause of fires. An electric arc, if it forms during the short circuit, produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of combustible substances as well.

In industrial and utility distribution systems, dynamic forces generated by high short circuit currents cause conductors to spread apart. Busbars, cables, and apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit.

Related concepts

In electronics, the ideal model (infinite gain) of an operational amplifier is said to produce a virtual short circuit between its input terminals because no matter what the output voltage is, the difference of potential between its input terminals is zero. If one of the input terminals is connected to the ground, then the other one is said to provide a virtual ground because its potential is (ideally) identical to that of the ground.^[2]^[3] An ideal operational amplifier also has infinite input impedance, so unlike a real short circuit, no current flows between the terminals of the virtual short.^[4] Due to these differences, the terminology can be confusing; one textbook parenthetically suggests that "virtual open circuit" may be equally suitable because no current flows.^[5]

References

^ "Lab Note #105 Contact Life - Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing". Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
^ Basic Electronics. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. pp. 184–. GGKEY:9NLKFQ9D0F2. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Robert Spence (5 September 2008). Introductory Circuits. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-470-77971-2. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ U.A.Bakshi; A.P.Godse (1 January 2010). Linear Integrated Circuits. Technical Publications. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-81-8431-773-2. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Allan R. Hambley (2005). Electrical engineering: principles and applications. Prentice Hall. pp. 637–. ISBN 978-0-13-147046-0. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

External links

Troubleshooting Strategy for US/Canadian Homes The Circuit Detective
Short Circuit Calculations Software Free Demo

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Enhanced performance of dye-sensitized solar cells aided by Sr,Cr co-doped TiO2 xerogel films made of uniform spheres.

Bakhshayesh AM1, Bakhshayesh N2.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015 Dec 15;460:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.041. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
One-pot preparation of Sr,Cr co-doped TiO2 xerogel film for boosting the short circuit current density of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is reported. The 2.5-μm-diameter spheres are assembled from 60nm nanoparticles by a modified sol-gel method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that
PMID 26313709

A wireless transmission system powered by an enzyme biofuel cell implanted in an orange.

MacVittie K1, Conlon T2, Katz E3.
Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Bioelectrochemistry.2015 Dec;106(Pt A):28-33. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.10.005. Epub 2014 Nov 5.
A biofuel cell composed of catalytic electrodes made of "buckypaper" modified with PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and FAD-dependent fructose dehydrogenase on the anode and with laccase on the cathode was used to activate a wireless information transmission system. The cathode/anode pair was imp
PMID 25467135

Fabrication and Properties of High-Efficiency Perovskite/PCBM Organic Solar Cells.

Chen LC1, Chen JC, Chen CC, Wu CG.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2015 Dec;10(1):1020. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1020-2. Epub 2015 Aug 5.
This work presents a CH3NH3PbI3/PCBM organic solar cell. Organic PCBM film and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film are deposited on thePEDOT: PSS/ITO glass substrate by the spin coating method. The performance of the organic solar cells was observed by changing the thickness of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. The thi
PMID 26243152

Facile Fabrication of Micro-Nano Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerator with High Electric Output.

Zhang F1, Li B, Zheng J, Xu C.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2015 Dec;10(1):1001. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1001-5. Epub 2015 Jul 21.
In this article, a new method is used to fabricate a high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is convenient and cost-effective. A polyformaldehyde (POM) film with novel structures is prepared through electrospinning and is combined with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film to asse
PMID 26195019

Japanese Journal

Wide-gap solar cells using a novel ZnCuGaSe

Yamamoto Teruaki,Negami Takayuki,Matsubara Koji,Niki Shigeru
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KC17, 2015-07-27
… The open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) increased to 0.91 V with increasing Zn/Metal ratio of the film. … However, the efficiency and short-circuit current density (J<inf>SC</inf>) steeply decreased when the Zn/Metal ratio of the film was more than 0.35. …
NAID 150000111077

Characterization of CuInS

Akaki Yoji,Sugimoto Kanta,Nakamura Shigeyuki,Yamaguchi Toshiyuki,Yoshino Kenji
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KC19, 2015-07-27
… The best Al/ZnO:Al/ZnO/CdS/CuInS<inf>2</inf>/Mo solar cell had an open-circuit voltage of 360 mV, a short-circuit current density of 18.6 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and a fill factor of 35.5%, resulting in 2.38% efficiency. …
NAID 150000111075

Generalized analysis of the impact of emitter sheet resistance on silicon solar cell performance

Chen Nian,Tate Keith,Ebong Abasifreke
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KD20, 2015-07-22
… The series resistance (R<inf>s</inf>) impacts the fill factor (FF) and in turn affects the short-circuit current (J<inf>sc</inf>) and hence the efficiency. … In this study, an analytical modeling of the dependence of open-circuit voltage (V<inf>oc</inf>), J<inf>sc</inf>, FF, and efficiency of a silicon solar cell on emitter sheet resistance was carried out. …
NAID 150000111099

Two-dimensional simulation of interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction solar cells having overlapped p/i and n/i a-Si:H layers

Noge Hiroshi,Saito Kimihiko,Sato Aiko,Kaneko Tetsuya,Kondo Michio
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KD17, 2015-07-16
… The results show that narrower overlap width leads to higher short circuit current and conversion efficiency, especially for poor heterojunction interface and thinner silicon substrate of the cells in addition to narrower uncovered width of p/i layer by a metal electrode. …
NAID 150000111112

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