WordNet
- (psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations) (同)sensitisation
- the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen) (同)sensitisation
- make sensitive to a drug or allergen; "Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen" (同)sensitise
- make sensitive or aware; "He was not sensitized to her emotional needs" (同)sensitise, sensify, sensibilize, sensibilise
- cause to sense; make sensitive; "She sensitized me with respect to gender differences in this traditional male-dominated society"; "My tongue became sensitized to good wine" (同)sensitise
- make (a material) sensitive to light, often of a particular colour, by coating it with a photographic emulsion; "sensitize the photographic film" (同)sensitise
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/29 04:23:38」(JST)
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For other uses, see Sensitization (disambiguation).
Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.[1] Sensitization often is characterized by an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated. For example, repetition of a painful stimulus may make one more responsive to a loud noise.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Neural substrates of sensitization
- 3 Cross-sensitization
- 4 As a causal factor in pathology
- 5 See also
- 6 References
History
Eric Kandel was one of the first to study the neural basis of sensitization, conducting experiments in the 1960s and 1970s on the gill withdrawal reflex of the seaslug Aplysia. Kandel and his colleagues first habituated the reflex, weakening the response by repeatedly touching the animal's siphon. They then paired noxious electrical stimulus to the tail with a touch to the siphon, causing the gill withdrawal response to reappear. After this sensitization, a light touch to the siphon alone produced a strong gill withdrawal response, and this sensitization effect lasted for several days. (After Squire and Kandel, 1999[2]). In 2000, Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research in neuronal learning processes.
Neural substrates of sensitization
| Addiction and dependence glossary[3][4][5][6] |
| • addiction – a medical condition characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences |
| • addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing |
| • addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing |
| • dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) |
| • drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose |
| • drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use |
| • physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens) |
| • psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia) |
| • reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them |
| • rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive or as something to be approached |
| • sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it |
| • substance use disorder - a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress |
| • tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose |
| (edit | history) |
The neural basis of behavioral sensitization is often not known, but it typically seems to result from a cellular receptor becoming more likely to respond to a stimulus. Several examples of neural sensitization include:
- Electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat hippocampus causes strengthening of synaptic signals, a process known as long-term potentiation or LTP.[7] LTP of AMPA receptors is a potential mechanism underlying memory and learning in the brain.
- In "kindling", repeated stimulation of hippocampal or amygdaloid neurons in the limbic system eventually leads to seizures in laboratory animals. After sensitization, very little stimulation may be required to produce seizures. Thus, kindling has been suggested as a model for temporal lobe epilepsy in humans, where stimulation of a repetitive type (flickering lights for instance) can cause epileptic seizures.[8] Often, people suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy report symptoms of negative effects such as anxiety and depression that might result from limbic dysfunction.[9]
- In "central sensitization," nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord become sensitized by peripheral tissue damage or inflammation.[10] This type of sensitization has been suggested as a possible causal mechanism for chronic pain conditions. The changes of central sensitization occur after repeated trials to pain. Research from animals has consistently shown that when a trial is repeatedly exposed to a painful stimulus, the animal’s pain threshold will change and result in a stronger pain response. Researchers believe that there are parallels that can be drawn between these animal trials and persistent pain in people. For example, after a back surgery that removed a herniated disc from causing a pinched nerve, the patient may still continue to “feel” pain. Also, newborns who are circumcised without anesthesia have shown tendencies to react more greatly to future injections, vaccinations, and other similar procedures. The responses of these children are an increase in crying and a greater hemodynamic response (tachycardia and tachypnea).[11]
- Drug sensitization occurs in drug addiction, and is defined as an increased effect of drug following repeated doses (the opposite of drug tolerance). Such sensitization involves changes in brain mesolimbic dopamine transmission, as well as a protein inside mesolimbic neurons called delta FosB. An associative process may contribute to addiction, for environmental stimuli associated with drug taking may increase craving. This process may increase the risk for relapse in addicts attempting to quit.[12]
- Allergic Sensitization – There is an acute response (early stages) and a late-phase response (later stages). In the early stages, the Antigen-Presenting Cell causes a response in a TH2 lymphocyte which produce the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). The TH2 lymphocytes interact with B cells and together they produce IgE. IgE circulates around and binds to receptors of cells leading to an acute inflammatory response.[13] In this case, sensitization is commonly referring to commencement of allergic responses.[14] Allergic sensitization development varies with age, with younger children at the greatest risk of developing allergic sensitization.[15] There are a variety of tests to diagnose allergic conditions. Tests that are commonly used place potential allergens on the skin of the patient and looking for a reaction to look for an allergen-specific IgE (Immunoglobulin E). They have shown that IgE levels are at their greatest before 10 years of age and fall vastly until one reaches 30.[15] There is a school of thought that believes that there are different genetic loci for different ethnicities for the same inflammatory disease.[16] By this thought, asthma has different chromosomal locations in people of European, Hispanic, Asian, and African descent.[17]
Cross-sensitization
Cross-sensitization is a phenomenon in which sensitization to a stimulus is generalized to a related stimulus, resulting in the amplification of a particular response to both the original stimulus and the related stimulus.[citation needed] For example, cross-sensitization to the neural and behavioral effects of addictive drugs are well characterized, such as sensitization to the locomotor response of a stimulant resulting in cross-sensitization to the motor-activating effects of other stimulants. Similarly, reward sensitization to a particular addictive drug often results in reward cross-sensitization, which entails sensitization to the rewarding property of other addictive drugs in the same drug class or even certain natural rewards.
As a causal factor in pathology
Sensitization has been implied as a causal or maintaining mechanism in a wide range of apparently unrelated pathologies including addiction, allergies, asthma, and some medically unexplained syndromes such as fibromyalgia and multiple chemical sensitivity. Sensitization may also contribute to psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and mood disorders.[18][19][20]
See also
- Long-term potentiation
- Synaptic plasticity
- Neuroplasticity
- Multiple chemical sensitivity
References
- ^ Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.
- ^ Squire LR, Kandel ER (1999). Memory: From Mind to Molecules. New York: Scientific American Library; New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6037-1.
- ^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410.
- ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
- ^ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013.
- ^ Collingridge GL, Isaac JT, Wang YT (2004). "Receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity". Nat Rev Neurosci 5(12): 952–962, PMID 15550950, doi:10.1038/nrn1556.
- ^ Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ (2004). "Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: Rewiring the brain". Prog Neurobiol 73(1): 1–60, PMID 15193778, doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009.
- ^ Teicher MH, Glod CA, Surrey J, Swett C, Jr (1993). "Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5(3): 301–306, PMID 8369640.
- ^ Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA, Woolf CJ (2003). "Central sensitization and LTP: Do pain and memory share similar mechanisms?". Trends Neurosci 26(12): 696–705, PMID 14624855.
- ^ Gudin J. (2004). Medscape Neurobiology: Expanding Our Understanding of Central Sensitization. Medscape: Medscape Education.
- ^ Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). "The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18(3): 247–291, PMID 8401595.
- ^ Janeway, Charles; Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark Shlomchik (2001). Immunobiology; Fifth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science. pp. e–book. ISBN 978-0-8153-4101-7.
- ^ Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M, eds. (2001). Immunobiology 5: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland Pub., ISBN 0-8153-3642-X
- ^ a b Croner S (1992). "Prediction and detection of allergy development: influence of genetic and environmental factors". J. Pediatr. 121 (5 Pt 2): S58–63. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81408-8. PMID 1447635.
- ^ De Swert LF (1999). "Risk factors for allergy". Eur. J. Pediatr. 158 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1007/s004310051024. PMID 10048601.
- ^ Barnes KC, Grant AV, Hansel NN, Gao P, Dunston GM (2007). "African Americans with asthma: genetic insights". Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (1): 58–68. doi:10.1513/pats.200607-146JG. PMC 2647616. PMID 17202293. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16.
- ^ Rosen JB, Schulkin J (1998). "From normal fear to pathological anxiety". Psychol Rev 105(2): 325–350, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325 PMID 9577241.
- ^ Antelman SM (1988). "Time-dependent sensitization as the cornerstone for a new approach to pharmacotherapy: drugs as foreign/stressful stimuli". Drug Development Research 14: 1–30.
- ^ Post RM (1992). "Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder". Am J Psychiatry 149(8): 999–1010, PMID 1353322.
|
Learning
|
|
| Simple non-associative learning |
- Habituation
- Sensitization
|
|
| Associative learning |
- Operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning
- Aversive conditioning
- Imprinting
- Observational learning
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Polyphenols and their components in experimental allergic asthma.
- Joskova M, Sadlonova V, Nosalova G, Novakova E, Franova S.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sklabinska 26 St, SK-037 53, Martin, Slovakia, joskova@jfmed.uniba.sk.
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2013;756:91-8.
- The aim of the study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects in -experimental allergic asthma of natural polyphenolic compounds or their single major components. The experiment was performed after 21-days sensitization of guinea pigs with ovalbumin suspension. Changes in airway re
- PMID 22836623
- Experimental model of allergic asthma.
- Franova S, Joskova M, Sadlonova V, Pavelcikova D, Mesarosova L, Novakova E, Sutovska M.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sklabinska 26, 037 05, Martin, Slovakia, franova@jfmed.uniba.sk.
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2013;756:49-55.
- The aim of the study was to prepare and evaluate the experimental model of allergic asthma. Changes in chough reflex, bronchoconstriction and the degree of inflammation were studied in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized guinea pigs after 0, 7, 14, 21 days of exposure. The cough reflex was induced by citric
- PMID 22836618
- Study on TRPV1-mediated mechanism for the hypersecretion of mucus in respiratory inflammation.
- Yang J, Yu HM, Zhou XD, Kolosov VP, Perelman JM.SourceDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Banan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 401320, China.
- Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Jan;53(1-2):161-71. Epub 2012 Aug 30.
- Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is sensitized by the high affinity TrkA receptor, which promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine production and mediates mucus hypersecretion in bronchial epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of TRPV1-mediated mucus h
- PMID 22935106
Japanese Journal
- Facile wet-chemical synthesis of differently shaped cuprous oxide particles and a thin film: Effect of catalyst morphology on the glucose sensing performance
- Neetzel Cornelia,Muench Falk,Matsutani Takaomi,Jaud Jean Christophe,Broetz Joachim,Ohgai Takeshi,Ensinger Wolfgang J.
- Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 214, 189-196, 2015-07-31
- … Furthermore, a novel electroless deposition technique was introduced that does not require sensitization and activation pretreatments, allowing for the direct modification of the glassy carbon. …
- NAID 120005606094
- Effect of thermalization distance on chemical gradient of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm half-pitch in chemically amplified extreme ultraviolet resists
- Kozawa Takahiro,Santillan Julius,Itani Toshiro
- Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6), 066501, 2015-05-08
- … In this study, the effects of thermalization distance on the chemical gradient of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm half-pitch were investigated on the basis of the sensitization mechanisms of chemically amplified EUV resists. …
- NAID 150000110834
- Effects of diffusion constant of photodecomposable quencher on chemical gradient of chemically amplified extreme-ultraviolet resists
- Kozawa Takahiro
- Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(5), 056502, 2015-04-21
- … In this study, the effects of the diffusion constant of photodecomposable quenchers on the chemical gradient were investigated by calculating the chemical gradient of line-and-space patterns with an 11 nm half-pitch on the basis of the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified extreme-ultraviolet resists. …
- NAID 150000110587
- Theoretical study of fabrication of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm quarter-pitch (7 nm space width and 21 nm line width) using electron beam lithography with chemically amplified resist processes: I. Relationship between sensitivity and chemical gradient
- Kozawa Takahiro
- Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(5), 056501, 2015-04-15
- … The latent images of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch (7 nm space width and 21 nm line width) were calculated on the basis of sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified EB resists. …
- NAID 150000110606
Related Links
- sensitization 【名】 《心理学》鋭敏化 《免疫》感作 〔金属表面の〕感受性化 - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。
- sensitizationとは。意味や和訳。[名詞]1 敏感にすること，増感.2 〔心理〕 鋭敏化，増感作用：以前には影響のない，あるいは重要性のない一定の刺激に敏感になっていく過程.3 〔免疫〕 感作.(1)ある物質が体内に侵入し，免疫反応を誘発 ...
- Sensitizationは、免疫で「感作」と訳されている。 感作とは 反応の閾値の低下、あるいは、同じ刺激に対する反応が増強される現象。 ある受容体にリガンドを作用させると、それ以降同じリガンドに対する反応が増強する現象。
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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- 英
- flashback phenomenon
- 同
- 逆耐性現象 reverse tolerance、感受性増感 sensitization、フラッシュバック、再燃現象
- 関
- 覚醒剤中毒
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- 関
- sensitisation、sensitization
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感作
- 関
- sensitization、sensitize
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- 英
- reverse tolerance
- 同
- sensitization
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- 関
- hypersensitization、hypersensitize、supersensitize
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- 関
- desensitization
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- 関
- cross-sensitize