WordNet

make sensitive to a drug or allergen; "Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen" (同)sensitise
make sensitive or aware; "He was not sensitized to her emotional needs" (同)sensitise, sensify, sensibilize, sensibilise
cause to sense; make sensitive; "She sensitized me with respect to gender differences in this traditional male-dominated society"; "My tongue became sensitized to good wine" (同)sensitise
make (a material) sensitive to light, often of a particular colour, by coating it with a photographic emulsion; "sensitize the photographic film" (同)sensitise
(psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations) (同)sensitisation
the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen) (同)sensitisation
make (an organism or substance) sensitive to the influence of radiant energy and especially light (同)photosensitise
making susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli (同)sensitising
rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections (同)sensitising, sensitization, sensitisation

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…‘を'敏感にする / 〈フイルムなど〉‘に'感光性を与える
…‘に'感光性を与える

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/07 19:15:54」(JST)

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For other uses, see Sensitization (disambiguation).

Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus.^[1] An everyday example of this mechanism is a warm sensation followed by pain caused by constantly rubbing an arm. The pain is the result of the progressively amplified response of the nerve endings. Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.

Types of sensitization

Sensitization refers to the process by which a cellular receptor becomes more likely to respond to a stimulus (more efficient). There are a couple of different types of sensitization:

Electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat hippocampus causes strengthening of synaptic signals, a process known as long-term potentiation or LTP.^[2] LTP of AMPA receptors has been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying memory and learning in the human brain.
A different type of sensitization is that of kindling, where repeated stimulation of hippocampal or amygdaloid neurons in the limbic system eventually leads to seizures in laboratory animals. Having been sensitized, very little stimulation is required to produce the seizures. Thus, kindling has been suggested as a model for temporal lobe epilepsy in humans, where stimulation of a repetitive type (flickering lights for instance) can cause epileptic seizures.^[3] Often, people suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy report symptoms of negative affect such as anxiety and depression that might result from limbic dysfunction.^[4]
A third type is central sensitization, where nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord become sensitized by peripheral tissue damage or inflammation.^[5] This type of sensitization has been suggested as a possible causal mechanism for chronic pain conditions.
Drug sensitization occurs in drug addiction, and is defined as an increased effect of drug following repeated doses (the opposite of drug tolerance). Addiction may also be related to increased (sensitized) drug craving when environmental stimuli associated with drug taking, or drug cues, are encountered. This process may contribute to the risk for relapse in addicts attempting to quit.^[6] Such sensitization involves changes in brain mesolimbic dopamine transmission, as well as a molecule inside mesolimbic neurons called delta FosB.

These various types indicate that sensitization may underlie both pathological and adaptive functions in the organism.

Etiology

Sensitization has been implied as a causal or maintaining mechanism in a wide range of apparently unrelated pathologies including substance abuse and dependence, allergies, asthma, and some medically unexplained syndromes such as fibromyalgia and multiple chemical sensitivity. Sensitization has also been suggested in relation to psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and mood disorders.^[7]^[8]^[9]

History

Eric Kandel was one of the first to study the neural basis of sensitization based on his experiments observing gill withdrawal of the seaslug Aplysia in the 1960s and 1970s. Kandel and his colleagues showed that after habituation from siphon touching (gill withdrawal response weakened), applying a paired noxious electrical stimulus to the tail and a touch to the siphon, gill withdrawal was once again noted. After this sensitization, applying a light touch to the siphon, absent of noxious stimulus to the tail, Aplysia produced a strong gill withdrawal response. When tested several days after the initial trials, this response was still manifest (After Squire and Kandel, 1999^[10]). In 2000, Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research in neuronal learning processes.

References

^ Bell IR, Hardin EE, Baldwin CM, Schwartz GE (1995). "Increased limbic system symptomatology and sensitizability of young adults with chemical and noise sensitivities". Environ Res 70(2): 84–97, PMID 8674484, doi:10.1006/enrs.1995.1052.
^ Collingridge GL, Isaac JT, Wang YT (2004). "Receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity". Nat Rev Neurosci 5(12): 952–962, PMID 15550950, doi:10.1038/nrn1556.
^ Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ (2004). "Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: Rewiring the brain". Prog Neurobiol 73(1): 1–60, PMID 15193778, doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009.
^ Teicher MH, Glod CA, Surrey J, Swett C, Jr (1993). "Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5(3): 301–306, PMID 8369640.
^ Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA, Woolf CJ (2003). "Central sensitization and LTP: Do pain and memory share similar mechanisms?". Trends Neurosci 26(12): 696–705, PMID 14624855.
^ Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). "The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18(3): 247–291, PMID 8401595.
^ Rosen JB, Schulkin J (1998). "From normal fear to pathological anxiety". Psychol Rev 105(2): 325–350, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325 PMID 9577241.
^ Antelman SM (1988). "Time-dependent sensitization as the cornerstone for a new approach to pharmacotherapy: drugs as foreign/stressful stimuli". Drug Development Research 14: 1–30.
^ Post RM (1992). "Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder". Am J Psychiatry 149(8): 999–1010, PMID 1353322.
^ Squire LR, Kandel ER (1999). Memory: From Mind to Molecules. New York: Scientific American Library; New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6037-1.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 生物統計学および疫学に関する一般用語集 glossary of common biostatistical and epidemiological terms
2. 診断的検査の評価 evaluating diagnostic tests
3. IgEとアレルギー疾患の関係 the relationship between ige and allergic disease
4. 本態性環境不耐性（多種化学物質過敏症）の概要 overview of idiopathic environmental intolerance multiple chemical sensitivity
5. 心血管疾患および癌の一次予防におけるアスピリン aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer

English Journal

Selective sensitization of tumors to chemotherapy by marine-derived lipids: A review.

Hajjaji N, Bougnoux P.SourceCancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Tours, France; Henry S. Kaplan Cancer Center, University Hospital of Tours, France; Inserm U921, Tours, France. Electronic address: nawaleh@hotmail.com.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2013 Aug;39(5):473-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.07.001. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
Despite great improvements, a significant proportion of cancer patients still die, mainly because of the development of metastases. At this stage, current treatments still rely heavily on conventional chemotherapy for most cancers. The efficacy of chemotherapy is dose-dependent, which is limited by
PMID 22850619

Androgens regulate TRAIL-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells via multiple mechanisms.

Wang D, Lu J, Tindall DJ.SourceDepartments of Urology Research/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2013 Jul 10;335(1):136-44. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.001. Epub 2013 Feb 9.
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising therapeutic agent for prostate cancer because it selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Previous reports have suggested that androgens regulate TRAIL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer ce
PMID 23402817

Decitabine has a biphasic effect on natural killer cell viability, phenotype, and function under proliferative conditions.

Kopp LM, Ray A, Denman CJ, Senyukov VS, Somanchi SS, Zhu S, Lee DA.SourceDivision of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Jul;54(3-4):296-301. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.012. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
DNA hypermethylation resulting in aberrant epigenetic silencing plays an important role in the oncogenesis of many cancer types, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).(4) The modulation of NK cell receptors and their cognate ligands is a known mechanism of immune escape in AML, and some membran
PMID 23328088

Constructing lanthanide [Nd(iii), Er(iii) and Yb(iii)] complexes using a tridentate N,N,O-ligand for near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes.

Wei H, Yu G, Zhao Z, Liu Z, Bian Z, Huang C.SourceBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China. bianzq@pku.edu.cn.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2013 Jun 28;42(24):8951-60. doi: 10.1039/c3dt50778e. Epub 2013 May 13.
A novel type of NIR-emitting lanthanide complexes Ln(PND)3 (Ln = Nd, Er and Yb) was designed and synthesized based on a tridentate monoanionic N,N,O-ligand 6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,5-naphthyridin-4-ol (PND). Such complex owns definite charge-neutral, coordination-saturated and mononuclear structure that i
PMID 23665838

Japanese Journal

Persimmon Leaf Extract Inhibits the ATM Activity during DNA Damage Response Induced by Doxorubicin in A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

KAWAKAMI Kayoko,NISHIDA Hiroshi,TATEWAKI Naoto,NAKAJIMA Yuki,KONISHI Tetsuya,HIRAYAMA Masao
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(4), 650-655, 2011-04-23
… We investigated in this present study the effect of PLEg on the cellular DNA damage checkpoint signaling to sensitize cancer chemotherapy. …
NAID 10028271254

Relationship of Electron Diffusion Length to Line Edge Roughness in Chemically Amplified Extreme Ultraviolet Resists

Kozawa Takahiro,Tagawa Seiichi
Jpn J Appl Phys 50(3), 036505-036505-5, 2011-03-25
… In chemically amplified resists, secondary electrons sensitize acid generators upon exposure to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. …
NAID 150000055418