WordNet

trace a line through or across; "cross your `t"
any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" (同)crown_of_thorns
a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" (同)transverse, transversal, thwartwise
to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" (同)traverse, span, sweep
fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs"
meet and pass; "the trains crossed"
a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other (同)crosswalk, crossover
a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean)
traveling across
a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect
make sensitive to a drug or allergen; "Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen" (同)sensitise
make sensitive or aware; "He was not sensitized to her emotional needs" (同)sensitise, sensify, sensibilize, sensibilise
cause to sense; make sensitive; "She sensitized me with respect to gender differences in this traditional male-dominated society"; "My tongue became sensitized to good wine" (同)sensitise
make (a material) sensitive to light, often of a particular colour, by coating it with a photographic emulsion; "sensitize the photographic film" (同)sensitise
placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms across"
(of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it
making susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli (同)sensitising
rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections (同)sensitising, sensitization, sensitisation

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(昔,罪人のはりつけの刑に用いた)『十字架』 / 《the C-》キリストがはりつけになった十字架;キリスト教の象徴としての十字架 / 〈C〉十字(キリスト教徒が右手で切る) / 〈C〉イエスのために耐える苦しみ,受難 / 〈C〉十字架像;(紋章などの)十字形 / 〈C〉キリスト教信仰;《集合的に》キリスト教徒 / 〈C〉十字記号(crisscross)(+または×) / 〈C〉《修飾語を伴って》十字勲章 / 《『the Cross』》南十字星(the Southern Cross) / 〈C〉(動物・植物の)(…間の)異種交配;雑種《+『between』+『名』+『and』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ボクシングの)クロスパンチ / (信仰のしるしとして)〈人・自分〉‘に'『十字を切る』 / …'を'『交差させる』(『する』) / …‘に'『交差させて線を引く』;《英》〈小切手〉‘に'線引きする;…'を'横線(×印)をつけて消す《+『名』+『out』(『off』),+『out』(『off』)+『名』》 / …'を'『横切る』,横断する,渡る / 〈心〉'を'よぎる,‘に'ふと浮かぶ / …‘と'すれ違う,行き違う / …'を'妨げる,‘の'じゃまをする / …'を'交配する / 『交差する』,交わる / (…へ)『横切る』,渡る《+『over to』+『名』》 / すれ違いになる / 〈動物・植物が〉交配する,雑種になる / おこりっぽい,ふきげんな / (風が)反対の / 十文字に交差した,横切った
横断,横切ること;渡航 / 交差点,十字路;踏切,《英》横断歩道(《米》crosswalk),(河川・水路の)横断場所 / 異種交配(crossbreeding)
(十字形に)交差した / 十字を引いてある,線引きの

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1. ペニシリン-アレルギー患者：セフェム系、カルバペネム系、およびモノバクタム系の使用 penicillin allergic patients use of cephalosporins carbapenems and monobactams
2. 小児における、アデノイド切除同時施行例を含む扁桃摘出に対する麻酔 anesthesia for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children
3. セファロスポリン-アレルギー患者：セファロスポリンおよび関連抗菌薬のその後の使用 cephalosporin allergic patients subsequent use of cephalosporins and related antibiotics
4. ハチ毒アレルギーの診断 diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy
5. セファロスポリンアレルギー：臨床症状および診断 cephalosporin allergy clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

The effect of varenicline on the development and expression of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization in rats.

Goutier W1, Kloeze MB, McCreary AC.Author information 1Abbott Healthcare Products B.V., C.J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP, Weesp, The Netherlands.AbstractThe present study focused on the evaluation of behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization induced by nicotine and varenicline in rats. Furthermore, it examined the influence of varenicline, a partial alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist, on nicotine-induced sensitization. To assess the development of behavioral sensitization, rats were chronically treated with vehicle, varenicline (0.03-3.0 mg/kg), nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or combinations for 5 days and locomotor activity was measured. The expression of sensitization was assessed following a withdrawal period (17-26 days). The present results confirmed previous data showing the development and expression of nicotine-induced sensitization of locomotor activity in the rat. Varenicline did not induce sensitization on its own. When varenicline and nicotine were repeatedly administered sequentially, varenicline blocked the development and expression of nicotine-induced sensitization. Acute varenicline blocked the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization in a dose-dependent manner. Acute varenicline did not significantly increase locomotor activity, nor did it attenuate nicotine-induced sensitization. However, varenicline did cross-sensitize to the effects of nicotine, and vice versa. The present study showed that varenicline produced a dose-dependent bidirectional cross-sensitization with nicotine. Taken together, these findings provide pre-clinical evidence that varenicline is able to attenuate the effects of nicotine, yet simultaneously 'substitutes' for the effects of nicotine in the rat. Longitudinal studies would be needed to see if similar effects are seen in the clinical setting, and whether such effects contribute to the actions of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid.
Addiction biology.Addict Biol.2013 Nov 20. doi: 10.1111/adb.12108. [Epub ahead of print]
The present study focused on the evaluation of behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization induced by nicotine and varenicline in rats. Furthermore, it examined the influence of varenicline, a partial alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist, on nicotine-induced sensitization. To assess the devel
PMID 24251901

Aldosterone acting through the central nervous system sensitizes angiotensin II-induced hypertension.

Xue B1, Zhang Z, Roncari CF, Guo F, Johnson AK.Author information 1Department of Psychology, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.AbstractPrevious studies have shown that preconditioning rats with a nonpressor dose of angiotensin II (Ang II) sensitizes the pressor response produced by later treatment with a higher dose of Ang II and that Ang II and aldosterone (Aldo) can modulate each other's pressor effects through actions involving the central nervous system. The current studies tested whether Aldo can cross-sensitize the pressor actions of Ang II to enhance hypertension by employing an induction-delay-expression experimental design. Male rats were implanted for telemetered blood pressure recording. During induction, subpressor doses of either subcutaneous or intracerebroventricular Aldo were delivered for 1 week. Rats were then rested for 1 week (delay) to assure that any exogenous Aldo was metabolized. After this, Ang II was given subcutaneously for 2 weeks (expression). During induction and delay, Aldo had no sustained effect on blood pressure. However, during expression, Ang II-induced hypertension was greater in the groups receiving subcutaneous or intracerebroventricular Aldo during induction in comparison with those groups receiving vehicle. Central administration of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist blocked sensitization. Brain tissue collected at the end of delay and expression showed increased mRNA expression of several renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components in cardiovascular-related forebrain regions of cross-sensitized rats. Cultured subfornical organ neurons preincubated with Aldo displayed greater increases in [Ca2+]i after Ang II treatment, and there was a greater Fra-like immunoreactivity present at the end of expression in cardiovascular-related forebrain structures. Taken together, these results indicate that Aldo pretreatment cross-sensitizes the development of Ang II-induced hypertension probably by mechanisms that involve the central nervous system.
Hypertension.Hypertension.2012 Oct;60(4):1023-30. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196576. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
Previous studies have shown that preconditioning rats with a nonpressor dose of angiotensin II (Ang II) sensitizes the pressor response produced by later treatment with a higher dose of Ang II and that Ang II and aldosterone (Aldo) can modulate each other's pressor effects through actions involving
PMID 22949534

Mechanisms of illness progression in the recurrent affective disorders.

Post RM.Author information Bipolar Collaborative Network, 5415 W. Cedar Lane, Suite 201-B, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. robert.post@speakeasy.netAbstractAlong with genetic vulnerability, multiple environmental factors convey liability to illness progression, including: (1) distal and proximal stressors; (2) recurrence of episodes; and (3) comorbid cocaine abuse. Recurrence of each of these can increase responsivity (sensitize) to themselves and cross-sensitize to the two other factors and drive illness progression as seen clinically in increases in cycle acceleration, severity or duration of episodes, treatment refractoriness, disability, cognitive dysfunction, and premature death. Some mechanisms appear common to all three types of sensitization, such as decreases of brain-derived neuroprotective factor (BDNF) in hippocampus and blood, as well as increases in BDNF in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting the possibility that single treatments could ameliorate several of these factors at once. A potential example is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which decreases bipolar affective illness severity (Berk et al. Biol Psychiatry 64:468–475, 2008) and cocaine reinstatement and craving (Baker et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:349–351, 2003; LaRowe et al. Am J Addict 15:105–110, 2006). Mechanisms of illness progression also involve epigenetic changes and add further rationale to the existing empirical clinical evidence of the importance of early recognition, treatment, and prevention of affective episodes. Adequate treatment could prevent or ameliorate both the increases in pathological factors and erosion of adaptive factors that propel illness exacerbation and treatment resistance. This view of the sensitization and cross-sensitization among stressors, episodes, and abused substances should lead to a fundamental re-conceptualization of the recurrent affective disorders not as benign, isolated episodes of “mental” illness, but as severe, potentially progressive and lethal medical disorders of brain and body that deserve careful life-long monitoring and treatment.
Neurotoxicity research.Neurotox Res.2010 Nov;18(3-4):256-71. doi: 10.1007/s12640-010-9182-2.
Along with genetic vulnerability, multiple environmental factors convey liability to illness progression, including: (1) distal and proximal stressors; (2) recurrence of episodes; and (3) comorbid cocaine abuse. Recurrence of each of these can increase responsivity (sensitize) to themselves and cros
PMID 20390474