関: sensitization、sensitize

WordNet

(psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations) (同)sensitisation
the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen) (同)sensitisation
make sensitive to a drug or allergen; "Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen" (同)sensitise
make sensitive or aware; "He was not sensitized to her emotional needs" (同)sensitise, sensify, sensibilize, sensibilise
cause to sense; make sensitive; "She sensitized me with respect to gender differences in this traditional male-dominated society"; "My tongue became sensitized to good wine" (同)sensitise
make (a material) sensitive to light, often of a particular colour, by coating it with a photographic emulsion; "sensitize the photographic film" (同)sensitise

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/08 21:41:28」(JST)

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Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administrations of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.^[1] Sensitization often is characterized by an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated. For example, repetition of a painful stimulus may make one more responsive to a loud noise.

Neural substrates of sensitization

Addiction glossary^[2]^[3]^[4]
• addiction – a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences
• reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
• rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive or as something to be approached
• addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing
• sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
• drug tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
• drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
• dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
• physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens)
• psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia)
(edit \| history)

The neural basis of behavioral sensitization is often not known, but it typically seems to result from a cellular receptor becoming more likely to respond to a stimulus. Several examples of neural sensitization include:

Electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat hippocampus causes strengthening of synaptic signals, a process known as long-term potentiation or LTP.^[5] LTP of AMPA receptors is a potential mechanism underlying memory and learning in the brain.
In "kindling", repeated stimulation of hippocampal or amygdaloid neurons in the limbic system eventually leads to seizures in laboratory animals. After sensitization, very little stimulation may be required to produce seizures. Thus, kindling has been suggested as a model for temporal lobe epilepsy in humans, where stimulation of a repetitive type (flickering lights for instance) can cause epileptic seizures.^[6] Often, people suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy report symptoms of negative effects such as anxiety and depression that might result from limbic dysfunction.^[7]
In "central sensitization," nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord become sensitized by peripheral tissue damage or inflammation.^[8] This type of sensitization has been suggested as a possible causal mechanism for chronic pain conditions. The changes of central sensitization occur after repeated trials to pain. Research from animals has consistently shown that when a trial is repeatedly exposed to a painful stimulus, the animal’s pain threshold will change and result in a stronger pain response. Researchers believe that there are parallels that can be drawn between these animal trials and persistent pain in people. For example, after a back surgery that removed a herniated disc from causing a pinched nerve, the patient may still continue to “feel” pain. Also, newborns who are circumcised without anesthesia have shown tendencies to react more greatly to future injections, vaccinations, and other similar procedures. The responses of these children are an increase in crying and a greater hemodynamic response (tachycardia and tachypnea).^[9]
Drug sensitization occurs in drug addiction, and is defined as an increased effect of drug following repeated doses (the opposite of drug tolerance). Such sensitization involves changes in brain mesolimbic dopamine transmission, as well as a protein inside mesolimbic neurons called delta FosB. An associative process may contribute to addiction, for environmental stimuli associated with drug taking may increase craving. This process may increase the risk for relapse in addicts attempting to quit.^[10]
Allergic Sensitization – There is an acute response (early stages) and a late-phase response (later stages). In the early stages, the Antigen-Presenting Cell causes a response in a TH2 lymphocyte which produce the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). The TH2 lymphocytes interact with B cells and together they produce IgE. IgE circulates around and binds to receptors of cells leading to an acute inflammatory response.^[11] In this case, sensitization is commonly referring to commencement of allergic responses.^[12] Allergic sensitization development varies with age, with younger children at the greatest risk of developing allergic sensitization.^[13] There are a variety of tests to diagnose allergic conditions. Tests that are commonly used place potential allergens on the skin of the patient and looking for a reaction to look for an allergen-specific IgE (Immunoglobulin E). They have shown that IgE levels are at their greatest before 10 years of age and fall vastly until one reaches 30.^[13] There is a school of thought that believes that there are different genetic loci for different ethnicities for the same inflammatory disease.^[14] By this thought, asthma has different chromosomal locations in people of European, Hispanic, Asian, and African descent.^[15]

Cause

Sensitization has been implied as a causal or maintaining mechanism in a wide range of apparently unrelated pathologies including substance abuse and dependence, allergies, asthma, and some medically unexplained syndromes such as fibromyalgia and multiple chemical sensitivity. Sensitization has also been suggested in relation to psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and mood disorders.^[16]^[17]^[18]

History

Eric Kandel was one of the first to study the neural basis of sensitization based on his experiments observing gill withdrawal of the seaslug Aplysia in the 1960s and 1970s. Kandel and his colleagues showed that after habituation from siphon touching (gill withdrawal response weakened), applying a paired noxious electrical stimulus to the tail and a touch to the siphon, gill withdrawal was once again noted. After this sensitization, applying a light touch to the siphon, absent of noxious stimulus to the tail, Aplysia produced a strong gill withdrawal response. When tested several days after the initial trials, this response was still manifest (After Squire and Kandel, 1999^[19]). In 2000, Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research in neuronal learning processes.

Possible correlation with animal cognition

It is important to note the possible correlation between sensitization and animal cognition. The continual stimulation of the rat hippocampus results in LTP.^[5] This is a proposed mechanism of memory formation. Sensitization is an increased response to a stimulus that results in LTP and it is plausible that nonhuman animals, in addition to humans, exhibit cognitive ability in the form of memory development. ^[20] More research is needed to prove or disprove the connection between these two phenomena.

References

^ Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.
^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410.
^ Malenka RC,Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
^ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b Collingridge GL, Isaac JT, Wang YT (2004). "Receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity". Nat Rev Neurosci 5(12): 952–962, PMID 15550950, doi:10.1038/nrn1556.
^ Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ (2004). "Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: Rewiring the brain". Prog Neurobiol 73(1): 1–60, PMID 15193778, doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009.
^ Teicher MH, Glod CA, Surrey J, Swett C, Jr (1993). "Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5(3): 301–306, PMID 8369640.
^ Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA, Woolf CJ (2003). "Central sensitization and LTP: Do pain and memory share similar mechanisms?". Trends Neurosci 26(12): 696–705, PMID 14624855.
^ Gudin J. (2004). Medscape Neurobiology: Expanding Our Understanding of Central Sensitization. Medscape: Medscape Education.
^ Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993). "The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18(3): 247–291, PMID 8401595.
^ Janeway, Charles; Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark Shlomchik (2001). Immunobiology; Fifth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science. pp. e–book. ISBN 978-0-8153-4101-7.
^ Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M, eds. (2001). Immunobiology 5: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland Pub., ISBN 0-8153-3642-X
^ ^a ^b Croner S (1992). "Prediction and detection of allergy development: influence of genetic and environmental factors". J. Pediatr. 121 (5 Pt 2): S58–63. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81408-8. PMID 1447635.
^ De Swert LF (1999). "Risk factors for allergy". Eur. J. Pediatr. 158 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1007/s004310051024. PMID 10048601.
^ Barnes KC, Grant AV, Hansel NN, Gao P, Dunston GM (2007). "African Americans with asthma: genetic insights". Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (1): 58–68. doi:10.1513/pats.200607-146JG. PMC 2647616. PMID 17202293. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16.
^ Rosen JB, Schulkin J (1998). "From normal fear to pathological anxiety". Psychol Rev 105(2): 325–350, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325 PMID 9577241.
^ Antelman SM (1988). "Time-dependent sensitization as the cornerstone for a new approach to pharmacotherapy: drugs as foreign/stressful stimuli". Drug Development Research 14: 1–30.
^ Post RM (1992). "Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder". Am J Psychiatry 149(8): 999–1010, PMID 1353322.
^ Squire LR, Kandel ER (1999). Memory: From Mind to Molecules. New York: Scientific American Library; New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6037-1.
^ Sachs, Oliver (2014). "The Mental Life of Plants and Worms, Among Others." The New York Book of Reviews

English Journal

TAK1 promotes cell survival by TNFAIP3 and IL-8 dependent and NF-κB independent pathway in HeLa cells exposed to heat stress.

Li P, Furusawa Y, Wei ZL, Sakurai H, Tabuchi Y, Zhao QL, Saiki I, Kondo T.SourceDepartment of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani , Toyama , Japan .
International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group.Int J Hyperthermia.2013 Nov;29(7):688-695. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Abstract Purpose: Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a role in inhibiting apoptosis in response to multiple stresses. In the present study, we investigated the role of TAK1 in cell death induced by heat stress (HS). Materials and methods: TAK1 knockdown HeLa cells and thei
PMID 24028082

Energy transfer in coumarin-sensitised lanthanide luminescence: investigation of the nature of the sensitiser and its distance to the lanthanide ion.

Andres J, Chauvin AS.SourceÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISIC, BCH 1405, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. anne-sophie.chauvin@epfl.ch.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2013 Oct 14;15(38):15981-94. doi: 10.1039/c3cp52279b. Epub 2013 Aug 20.
A series of lanthanide complexes [Ln(dpxCy)3](3-) have been synthesised. The ligands are composed of a coordinating dipicolinic acid backbone decorated with a polyoxyethylene arm fitted with a coumarin moiety at its extremity. The nature of the coumarin as well as the length of the linker have been
PMID 23959569

Dysregulation of Complement System and CD4+ T Cell Activation Pathways Implicated in Allergic Response.

Couto Alves A, Bruhn S, Ramasamy A, Wang H, Holloway JW, Hartikainen AL, Jarvelin MR, Benson M, Balding DJ, Coin LJ.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Oct 8;8(10):e74821.
Allergy is a complex disease that is likely to involve dysregulated CD4+ T cell activation. Here we propose a novel methodology to gain insight into how coordinated behaviour emerges between disease-dysregulated pathways in response to pathophysiological stimuli. Using peripheral blood mononuclear c
PMID 24116013

Japanese Journal

Mould Sensitisation among Bakers and Farmers with Work-related Respiratory Symptoms

WISZNIEWSKA Marta,TYMOSZUK Diana,NOWAKOWSKA-SWIRTA Ewa [他]
Industrial health 51(3), 275-284, 2013-05
NAID 40019665360

Suppressive Effects of Oral Administration of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus acidophilus on T Helper-17 Immune Responses in a Bovine β-Lactoglobulin-Sensitized Mice Model

Li Ai-li,Meng Xiang-chen,Duan Cui-cui,Huo Gui-cheng,Zheng Quan-ling,Li Dan
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(2), 202-207, 2013
… high, 5×109 CFU) in 200 µL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) three times a week, starting from 1 week before β-lg sensitisation for 4 weeks. …
NAID 130002480760